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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

RELIGION

SECOND EDITION

RELIGION

SECOND EDITION

ICONOGRAPHY

•

JUSTIN MARTYR

LINDSAY JONES

EDITOR IN CHIEF

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition

Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief

Thomson Corporation.

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Encyclopedia of religion / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief.— 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

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1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY,

1954-

BL31.E46 2005

200’.3—dc22

2004017052

This title is also available as an e-book.

ISBN 0-02-865997-X

Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS

E DITOR IN C HIEF

L INDSAY J ONES

Associate Professor, Department of

Comparative Studies, Ohio State

University

Program in Religious Studies,

University of Wisconsin—Madison

C HARLES H. L ONG

Professor of History of Religions,

Emeritus, and Former Director of

Research Center for Black Studies,

University of California, Santa Barbara

M ARY N. M AC D ONALD

Professor, History of Religions, Le

Moyne College (Syracuse, New York)

D ALE B. M ARTIN

Professor of Religious Studies, and

Chair, Department of Religious

Studies, Yale University

A ZIM N ANJI

Professor and Director, The Institute

of Ismaili Studies, London

J ACOB O LUPONA

Professor, African American and

African Studies Program, University

of California, Davis

M ICHAEL S WARTZ

Professor of Hebrew and Religious

Studies, Ohio State University

I NÉS T ALAMANTEZ

Associate Professor, Religious Studies

Department, University of California,

Santa Barbara

S IGMA A NKRAVA

Professor, Department of Literary and

Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern

Languages, University of Latvia

Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion

D IANE A POSTOLOS -C APPADONA

Center for Muslim–Christian

Understanding and Liberal Studies

Program, Georgetown University

Art and Religion

D IANE B ELL

Professor of Anthropology and Women’s

Studies, George Washington University

Australian Indigenous Religions

K EES W. B OLLE

Professor Emeritus of History,

University of California, Los Angeles,

and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for

Advanced Studies in the Humanities

and Social Sciences

History of Religions

M ARK C SIKSZENTMIHALYI

Associate Professor in the Department

of East Asian Languages and

Literature and the Program in

Religious Studies, University of

Wisconsin—Madison

Chinese Religions

R ICHARD A. G ARDNER

Faculty of Comparative Culture,

Sophia University

Humor and Religion

J OHN A. G RIM

Professor of Religion, Bucknell

University and Co-Coordinator,

B OARD M EMBERS

D AVÍD C ARRASCO

Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of

Latin America, Divinity School and

Department of Anthropology, Harvard

University

G IOVANNI C ASADIO

Professor of History of Religions,

Dipartimento di Scienze

dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi

di Salerno

W ENDY D ONIGER

Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service

Professor of the History of Religions,

University of Chicago

G ARY L. E BERSOLE

Professor of History and Religious

Studies, and Director, UMKC Center

for Religious Studies, University of

Missouri—Kansas City

J ANET G YATSO

Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies,

The Divinity School, Harvard

University

C HARLES H ALLISEY

Associate Professor, Department of

Languages and Cultures of Asia and

C ONSULTANTS

G REGORY D. A LLES

Associate Professor of Religious Studies,

McDaniel College

Study of Religion

vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS

Harvard Forum on Religion and

Ecology

Ecology and Religion

J OSEPH H ARRIS

Francis Lee Higginson Professor of

English Literature and Professor of

Folklore, Harvard University

Germanic Religions

U RSULA K ING

Professor Emerita, Senior Research

Fellow and Associate Member of the

Institute for Advanced Studies,

University of Bristol, England, and

Professorial Research Associate, Centre

for Gender and Religions Research,

School of Oriental and African

Studies, University of London

Gender and Religion

D AVID M ORGAN

Duesenberg Professor of Christianity

and the Arts, and

Professor of Humanities and Art

History, Valparaiso University

Color Inserts and Essays

J OSEPH F. N AGY

Professor, Department of English,

University of California, Los Angeles

Celtic Religion

M ATTHEW O JO

Obafemi Awolowo University

African Religions

J UHA P ENTIKÄINEN

Professor of Comparative Religion, The

University of Helsinki, Member of

Academia Scientiarum Fennica,

Finland

Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions

T ED P ETERS

Professor of Systematic Theology,

Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary

and the Center for Theology and the

Natural Sciences at the Graduate

Theological Union, Berkeley,

California

Science and Religion

F RANK E. R EYNOLDS

Professor of the History of Religions

and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity

School and the Department of South

Asian Languages and Civilizations,

Emeritus, University of Chicago

History of Religions

G ONZALO R UBIO

Assistant Professor, Department of

Classics and Ancient Mediterranean

Studies and Department of History

and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania

State University

Ancient Near Eastern Religions

S USAN S ERED

Director of Research, Religion, Health

and Healing Initiative, Center for the

Study of World Religions, Harvard

University, and Senior Research

Associate, Center for Women’s Health

and Human Rights, Suffolk University

Healing, Medicine, and Religion

L AWRENCE E. S ULLIVAN

Professor, Department of Theology,

University of Notre Dame

History of Religions

W INNIFRED F ALLERS S ULLIVAN

Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer

in the Anthropology and Sociology of

Religion, University of Chicago

Law and Religion

T OD S WANSON

Associate Professor of Religious Studies,

and Director, Center for Latin

American Studies, Arizona State

University

South American Religions

M ARY E VELYN T UCKER

Professor of Religion, Bucknell

University, Founder and Coordinator,

Harvard Forum on Religion and

Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard

Yenching Institute, Research Associate,

Harvard Reischauer Institute of

Japanese Studies

Ecology and Religion

H UGH B. U RBAN

Associate Professor, Department of

Comparative Studies, Ohio State

University

Politics and Religion

C ATHERINE W ESSINGER

Professor of the History of Religions

and Women’s Studies, Loyola

University New Orleans

New Religious Movements

R OBERT A. Y ELLE

Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University

of Toronto

Law and Religion

E RIC Z IOLKOWSKI

Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious

Studies, Lafayette College

Literature and Religion

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION

Encyclopedia of Religion - Lindsay Jones.pdf

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