The Chemistry of Explosives - Jacqueline Akhavan.pdf

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Preface
This book outlines the basic principles needed to understand the mech-
anism of explosions by chemical explosives. The history, theory and
chemical types of explosives are introduced. Thermodynamics, en-
thalpy, free energy and gas equations are covered so that a basic
understanding of the chemistry of explosives is underlined. Propellants
and pyrotechnics also contain explosive mixtures and are brießy intro-
duced. This book is aimed primarily at ÔAÕ level students and new
graduates who have not previously studied explosive materials, but it
should prove useful to others as well. I hope that the more experienced
chemist in the explosives industry looking for concise information on
the subject will also Þnd this book useful.
In preparing this book I have tried to write in an easy to understand
fashion guiding the reader through the chemistry of explosives in a
simple but detailed manner. Although the reader may think this is a new
subject he or she will soon Þnd that basic chemistry theories are simply
applied in understanding the chemistry of explosives.
No book can be written without the help of other people and I am
aware of the help I have received from other sources. These include
authors of books and journals whom I have drawn upon in preparing
this book.
I would also like to thank my husband, Shahriar, for his patience,
understanding and support during the many months of frantic typing.
v
Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction to Explosives
1
Development of Blackpowder
1
Development of Nitroglycerine
2
Development of Mercury Fulminate
3
Development of Nitrocellulose
3
Development of Dynamite
4
Development of Ammonium Nitrate
4
Development of Commercial Explosives
5
Development of Permitted Explosives
5
Development of ANFO and Slurry Explosives
6
Development of Military Explosives
7
Development of Picric Acid
7
Development of Tetryl
8
Development of TNT
8
Development of Nitroguanidine
9
Development of PETN
9
Development of RDX and HMX
9
Polymer Bonded Explosives
11
Heat-resistant Explosives
14
Chapter 2
ClassiÞcation of Explosive Materials
18
Explosions
18
Atomic Explosions
18
Physical Explosions
19
Chemical Explosions
19
Chemical Explosives
19
vii
viii
Contents
ClassiÞcation of Chemical Explosives
20
Primary Explosives
21
Secondary Explosives
23
Propellants
24
Chemical Data on Explosive Materials
24
Primary Explosives
24
Mercury Fulminate
24
Lead Azide
25
Lead Styphnate
26
Silver Azide
27
Tetrazene
28
Secondary Explosives
29
Nitroglycerine
29
Nitrocellulose
30
Picric Acid
32
Tetryl
33
TNT
34
Nitroguanidine
36
PETN
37
RDX
38
HMX
40
TATB
41
HNS
42
Other Compounds used in Explosive Compositions
42
Chapter 3
Combustion, Deßagration and Detonation
44
Combustion
44
Physical and Chemical Aspects of Combustion
45
Combustion of Explosives and Propellants
45
Deßagration
45
Detonation
47
Burning to Detonation
48
Shock to Detonation
48
Propagation of the Detonation Shockwave
49
E¤ect of Density on the Velocity of Detonation
51
E¤ect of Diameter of the Explosive Composition on the
Velocity of Detonation
54
E¤ect of Explosive Material on the Velocity of Detonation
55
ClassiÞcation of Explosives
57
Contents
ix
Chapter 4
Ignition, Initiation and Thermal Decomposition
58
Ignition
58
Hotspots
59
Mechanisms for the Formation of Hotspots
59
Ignition by Impact and Friction
61
Friction
61
Impact
61
ClassiÞcation of Explosives
62
Initiation Techniques
65
Explosive Train
65
Detonators
66
Igniters
66
Thermal Decomposition
67
Chapter 5
Thermochemistry of Explosives
69
Oxygen Balance
69
Decomposition Reactions
72
Kistiakowsky Ð Wilson Rules
73
ModiÞed Kistiakowsky Ð Wilson Rules
74
Springall Roberts Rules
75
Heats of Formation
76
Heat of Explosion
78
E¤ect of Oxygen Balance
82
Volume of Gaseous Products of Explosion
83
Explosive Power and Power Index
85
Temperature of Chemical Explosion
85
Mixed Explosive Compositions
89
Atomic Composition of the Explosive Mixture
89
Oxygen Balance
91
Decomposition Reaction
91
Heat of Explosion
92
Volume of Gaseous Products
93
Energized Explosives
93
Addition of Aluminium
94
Force and Pressure of Explosion
95

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