lesson_65.pdf

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

Text

Read the text and do the exercises below (Przeczytaj tekst i zrób ćwiczenia poniżej).

THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH

When the Angles and Saxons invaded Britain in the 5th century A.D., they brought with

them their language: Old English. Examples of Old English words are: sheep, dog, work, field,

earth, the, is, you. Two hundred years later, when St. Augustine brought Christianity to Britain in

the 7th century, hundreds of Latin and Greek words were adapted into Old English: words such as

hymn, priest, school, cook. In the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries, the Viking invaders added their own

Norse words: gel, wrong, leg, want, skin, same, low.

When the Norman Duke William won the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became King

William I, French became the language of the educated classes for the next two or three centuries.

This meant that there was no conservative influence on the English language, which was spoken

mainly by uneducated people, and so the Middle English period (11501500) was characterized by

great changes. Most of the complicated grammar of Old English disappeared, and word order

became very important, as it is in modern English; at the same time: there was a massive transfer

of French words into English. Latin, however, was still the language of the church and of

education, and this mixing of Latin, French and native English is the reason why there are so many

synonyms today in the English language, e.g. ask (English), question (French), interrogate (Latin);

time (English), age (French), epoch (Latin).

The introduction of the printing press at the end of the 15th century created the need for a

standard, uniform language that could be understood throughout the country. Modern English

probably began in about 1500, and the most important influence on the language was William

Shakespeare, who said in Love's Labour's Lost, that 'pure' English was the language in which

Englishmen best expressed themselves.

English was exported to Britain's growing number of colonies, which by the 19th century

contained one quarter of the world's population. In the 20th century, even though Britain's role as a

world power decreased a lot, the power of the USA gave the English language the status of a

world language. It is estimated that one in five people in the world speak English and this number

is growing.

Exercise 1

Choose the best answer according to the text (Wybierz najlepszą odpowiedź według tekstu)

1. Old English came to Britain:

a) in the 5 th century

b) in the 7 th century

c) in the 8 th , 9 th and 10 th centuries

2. Vikings brought:

a) Greek

b) Latin

c) Norse

3. King William I:

a) won the battle of Hastings

b) was the first Norman king of Britain

c) brought Christianity to Britain

4. The French language was spoken by:

a) uneducated people

b) educated people

c) conservative people

5. Middle English grammar became:

a) easier

b) more difficult

c) the same as French

6. There are so many synonyms in English because:

a) Latin, French and English mixed together

b) William Shakespeare created them

c) the church created them

7. Modern English was:

a) created by William Shakespeare

b) influenced by William Shakespeare

c) created by the printing press

8. In the 20 th century English was a very important language because:

a) the USA became the most powerful country

b) it was used in the British colonies

c) everybody liked this language

Exercise 2

Match the words and their translations (Dopasuj słówka do ich tłumaczeń)

a) adapted ............. 1) w całym

b) priest ............. 2) jednolity

c) added ............. 3) prasa drukarska

d) meant ............. 4) przystosowane

e) order ............. 5) wyrażali się

f) Latin ............. 6) ksiądz, duchowny

g) printing press ............. 7) podane w przybliżeniu

h) uniform ............. 8) porządek

i) throughout ............. 9) zmniejszył się

j) expressed ............. 10) pomimo tego że

k) growing ............. 11) łacina

l) contained ............. 12) zawierały

m) even though ............. 13) oznaczało

n) decreased ............. 14) dodali

o) estimated ............. 15) rosnący

Vocabulary

English language

Practice 1

Match the examples and the parts of speech (Dopasuj przykłady do podanych części mowy).

a) Nouns ............. 1) she, it, them, our

b) Verbs ............. 2) the, a, an

c) Adjectives ............. 3) table, news, sugar

d) Adverbs ............. 4) sad, short, safe

e) Prepositions ............. 5) always, slowly, suddenly

f) Pronouns ............. 6) say, sit, break

g) Articles ............. 7) from, in, at

Practice 2

Match the words and their translations (Dopasuj słówka do ich tłumaczeń).

a) auxiliary verb ............. 1) stopień najwyższy przymiotnika

b) comparative ............. 2) przedrostek

c) compound ............. 3) przyrostek

d) conjunction ............. 4) stopień wyższy przymiotnika

e) countable ............. 5) liczba pojedyncza

f) object ............. 6) czasownik posiłkowy

g) phrasal verb ............. 7) czasownik złożony

h) plural ............. 8) dopełnienie

i) prefix ............. 9) podmiot

j) singular ............. 10) policzalne

k) subject ............. 11) niepoliczalne

l) suffix ............. 12) spójnik

m) superlative ............. 13) złożony

n) uncountable ............. 14) liczba mnoga

Practice 3

Use the words or expressions from Practice 2 to complete the sentences (Wykorzystaj słowa lub

wyrażenia z Practice 2, aby uzupełnić zdania).

1) A / An ............................ is a verb which forms part of the verb phrase. There are three verbs

like that in English: ‘be’, ‘do’ and ‘have’.

2) A / An ............................ noun is a noun which cannot have a plural form (e.g.: rice, water,

information)

3) A / an ............................ is a part of a word put in front of another to form a new word, e.g.: dis,

re, anti.

4) A / An ............................ noun is a noun which can have both singular and plural forms, e.g.:

cat / cats, woman / women, game / games.

5) A / An ............................ noun is a noun made up of more than one word, e.g.: a notebook, a

hair drier.

6) A / An ............................ is a noun or pronoun that comes directly after the verb or preposition,

e.g.: In the sentence: ‘The man killed the fly.’ The word ‘fly’ is the object of the verb ‘killed’.

7) A / An ............................ is the form of an adjective or adverb which shows comparison

between two things, e.g.: slimmer, more expensive.

8) A /An ............................ is a word which links different parts of a sentence, e.g.: but, and,

although.

9) A / an ............................ is a noun or pronoun which usually comes before a verb and shows

the person or thing that does the action expressed by the verb, e.g.: In the sentence: ‘The man

killed the fly.’ The word ‘man’ is the subject of the verb ‘killed’.

10) A / An ............................ noun is a noun which expresses more than one, e.g.: chairs, children,

boxes.

Revision of grammar (questions)

Choose the correct word or expression to complete the questions (Wybierz prawidłowe słowo lub

wyrażenie, aby uzupełnić pytania).

1. What ....................... (the names are / are the names / do the names) of the nine planets?

2. What ....................... (do / is / does) CD stand for?

3. Who ....................... (did write / did wrote / wrote) Hamlet?

4. Who ....................... (lives / does live / live) at No. 10 Downing Street?

5. When ....................... (did Japan attack / Japan attacked / attacked Japan) Pearl Harbour?

6. Who ....................... (Juan Peron was / was Juan Peron / did Juan Peron)?

7. What European language ....................... (spoken is / does speak / is spoken) in Algeria?

8. Who ....................... (does celebrate / is celebrated / celebrates) the fourth of July?

9. How many legs ....................... (have spiders / spiders have / do spiders have)?

10. Which member of the Beatles ....................... (killed / was killed /did kill) in New York?

11. What country ....................... (did Hong Kong belong to / Hong Kong belonged to / did Hong

Kong to belong)?

12. What ....................... (you have lost / have you lose / have you lost)?

Revision of grammar (prepositions)

Put the missing preposition into the gap. (Wstaw brakujący przyimek w lukę).

1. I put the books ............... the table.

2. The butter is ............... the fridge.

3. We saw them ............... the bus stop.

4. I left my book ............... school.

5. We visited our family ............... Easter.

6. I worked for a newspaper ............... the Gulf War.

7. We celebrate our Independence Day ............... 11 th November.

8. I’ve been in the army ............... I was eighteen.

9. I booked a table in the restaurant ............... next Saturday.

10. I never get up early ............... Sunday mornings.

Vocabulary from the unit

adapt – przystosować

add – dodawać

adjective – przymiotnik

adverb – przysłówek

article – przedimek

auxiliary verb – czasownik posiłkowy

comparative – stopień wyższy przymiotnika

comparison – porównanie

compound – złożony

conjunction – spójnik

contain – zawierać

countable – policzalny

decrease – zmniejszać

estimate – podawać w przybliżeniu

even though – pomimo tego że

express – wyrażać się

field – pole, łąka

growing – rosnący

latin – łacina

link łączyć

made up of – stworzony z

mean – oznaczać

native – rdzenny

noun – rzeczownik

object – dopełnienie

order – porządek

phrasal verb – czasownik złożony

plural – liczba mnoga

prefix – przedrostek

preposition – przyimek

priest – ksiądz, duchowny

printing press – prasa drukarska

pronoun – zaimek

singular – liczba pojedyncza

subject – podmiot

suffix – przyrostek

superlative – stopień najwyższy przymiotnika

throughout – w całym

uncountable – niepoliczalny

uniform – jednolity

verb – czasownik

Lesson 33 – answer key

Text

Exercise 1

1 a, 2 c, 3 b, 4 b, 5 b, 6 a, 7 b, 8 a

Exercise 2

a) 4, b) 6, c) 14, d) 13, e) 8, f) 11, g) 3, h) 2, i) 1, j) 5, k) 15, l) 12, m) 10, n) 9, o) 7

Vocabulary

Practice 1

a) 3, b) 6, c) 4, d) 5, e) 7, f) 1, g) 2

Practice 2

a) 6, b) 4, c) 13, d) 12, e) 10, f) 8, g) 7, h) 14, i) 2, j) 5, k) 9, l) 3, m) 1, n) 11

Practice 3

1) A / An auxiliary verb is a verb which forms part of the verb phrase. There are three verbs like

that in English: ‘be’, ‘do’ and ‘have’.

2) A / An uncountable noun is a noun which cannot have a plural form (e.g.: rice, water,

information)

3) A / an prefix is a part of a word put in front of another to form a new word, e.g.: dis, re, anti.

4) A / An countable noun is a noun which can have both singular and plural forms, e.g.: cat /

cats, woman / women, game / games.

5) A / An compound noun is a noun made up of more than one word, e.g.: a notebook, a hair

drier.

6) A / An object is a noun or pronoun that comes directly after the verb or preposition, e.g.: In the

sentence: ‘The man killed the fly.’ The word ‘fly’ is the object of the verb ‘killed’.

7) A / An comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which shows comparison between

two things, e.g.: slimmer, more expensive.

8) A /An conjunction is a word which links different parts of a sentence, e.g.: but, and, although.

9) A / an subject is a noun or pronoun which usually comes before a verb and shows the person

or thing that does the action expressed by the verb, e.g.: In the sentence: ‘The man killed the

fly.’ The word ‘man’ is the subject of the verb ‘killed’.

10) A / An plural noun is a noun which expresses more than one, e.g.: chairs, children, boxes.

Revision of grammar (questions)

1. What are the names of the nine planets?

2. What does CD stand for?

3. Who wrote Hamlet?

4. Who lives at No. 10 Downing Street?

5. When did Japan attack Pearl Harbour?

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