EARTH SYSTEMS.pdf

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EARTH SYSTEMS 1 STUDY SHEET 1- Spring 2003
Terms to Know:
system
atmosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere
geolithosphere
geology
atoms
nucleus
proton
neutrons
electron clouds
electrons
element
atomic number
chemical compounds
mineral
crystal structure
rock
silicates
tetrahedron
igneous rock
sedimentary rock
metamorphic rock
texture
composition
melt
magma
plutonic
intrusive
lava
volcanic
extrusive
phaneritic
aphanitic
glassy
porphyritic
phenocryst
groundmass
vesicular
pyroclastic
Bowen’s reaction series
olivine
pyroxene
amphibole
biotite
Ca plagioclase
Na plagioclase
K feldspar
muscovite
quartz
hydrothermal fluids
discontinuous series
continuous series
magmatic differentiation
felsic
disintegration
chemical weathering
decomposition
frost action
acid
hydrogen ion
base
hydroxyl ion
oxidation
hydration
carbonation
regolith
soil
erosion
sediments
soil profile
soil horizons
parent material
pedalfer
humus
litter
A horizon (top soil)
humic acid
B horizon (subsoil)
C horizon
humic acid
pedocal
caliche
evaporative pumping
laterite
bauxite
lithification
compaction
desiccation
cementation
pore space
clastic/detrital
non-clastic rocks
chemical rocks
biochemical
inorganic chemical rocks
conglomerate
breccia
sandstone
siltstone
claystone
shale
chalk
limestone
dolostone
chert
rock gypsum
rock salt
peat
coal
stratification
strata; stratum
laminae
thin-bedded
medium-bedded
massive
cross bedded
graded bedded
homogenous bedding
bioturbation
relict structure
bedding planes
ripple marks
current ripples
symmetrical ripples
mudcracks
sole marking
tool marks
load cast
flame structure
pseudonodules
nodules
concretion
geode
vug
sedimentary facies
epicontinental sea
pericontinental sea
continental shelf
continental slope
continental rise
ocean basin
metamorphism
metasomatism
contact metamorphism
aureole
regional metamorphism
zones of metamorphism
grades of metamorphism
high grade metamorphism
low grade metamorphism
foliated
non-foliated
gneiss
schist
phylite
slate
metaconglomerate
marble
quartzite
anthracite coal
graphite
rock cycle
intermediate
mafic
ultramafic
rhyolite/granite/pumice
obsidian
andesite/diorite
basalt/gabbro
peridotite
igneous bodies
pluton
stoping
xenolith
country rock
dike
sill
laccolith
volcanic neck
diatreme
kimberlite
batholith
stocks
discordant
concordant
columnar jointing
pohoehoe
aa
pillow lava
pyroclastic debris
dust
ash
cinder
lapilli
blocks
bombs
juvenile water
quiet eruption
explosive eruption
intermediate eruption
nueé ardente
active volcano
dormant volcano
extinct volcano
volcano
vent
shield volcano
cinder cone
composite cone
stratovolcano
fissure flow
fissure
flank flow
lava dome
cauldera
weathering
physical weathering
Be able to explain:
concept of a system
components of the Earth system
parts and construction of atoms
significance of the number of protons
how chemical compounds form
criteria defining minerals
difference between minerals and rocks
complexity of the silicates
major rock groups
difference between a melt, magma and lava
difference between extrusive and intrusive rocks
factors determining the formation of the textures of
igneous rocks
factors determining the composition of a melt
Bowen’s reaction series and its relationship to rock
composition
continuous versus discontinuous series
significance of magmatic differentiation, rocks
produced and expected types of volcanic eruptions
compositional terms used in defining igneous rocks
basic types of igneous rocks
how to read the igneous rock chart
types of intrusive igneous bodies and how they form
methods by which magma migrates
why magma migrates
how xenoliths form
difference between concordant and discordant igneous
bodies
types of extrusive igneous bodies and the importance of
melt composition to their formation
various types of surface textures of lavas
how pillow lavas form
various materials expelled by volcanoes
types of eruptions and importance of melt composition
stages of volcanic activity and true significance of the
terms used
types of volcanic cones, materials composing them and
importance of melt composition
weathering and the two major types of weathering
examples of physical weathering
changes produced in a rock by physical weathering
factors controlling chemical weathering
relationship of chemical weathering and igneous
mineral and rock stability
interaction between physical and chemical weathering
in rock destruction
examples of the common types of chemical weathering
difference between soil and regolith
development and structure of a soil profile
factors controlling the type of soil that develops
three major types of soils and their profiles
processes involved in the formation of most
sedimentary rocks
major processes involved in lithification
basic grouping of sedimentary rocks
major types of sedimentary rocks
types of stratification (bedding) in terms of thickness
and grain orientation
features developed on bedding surfaces and how they
form
features found within rock layers
difference between a flame structure, pseudondule,
nodule, concretion, vug and geode
what creates the colour seen in rocks
sedimentary facies
where sediments are deposited
processes involved in metamorphism and how they alter
a rock
types of metamorphism
zones or grades of metamorphism
metamorphic textures
types of metamorphic rocks
most likely type of metamorphic rock produced by
altering various igneous and sedimentary rock
rock cycle
Be able to identify from drawings the following:
various parts of an atom
various atoms in a tetrahedron
phaneritic, aphanitic and porphyritic texture
various plutons
types of extrusive igneous structures
layers of a soil profile
cross bedding, graded bedding, homogenous bedding
and relict structures
types of ripple marks, sole marks, nodules, concretions
flame structures and pseudonodules
aureole
foliated rocks
rock cycle

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