A. Mersmann - Crystallization Technology Handbook.pdf - technologia - seithe

Second Edition

Revised and Expanded

edited by

A. Mersmann

Technical University of Munich

Garching , Germany

MARCEL DEKKER, INC.

NEW YORK • BASEL

ISBN: 0-8247-0528-9

This book is printed on acid-free paper

Headquarters

Marcel Dekker, Inc.

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

tel: 212–696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540

Eastern Hemisphere Distribution

Marcel Dekker AG

Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland

tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261 8896

World Wide Web

http://www.dekker.com

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more infor-

mation, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microﬁlming, and recording, or

by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the

Current printing (last digit):

10987654321

Preface

The aim of this book is to provide reliable information not only on the

science of crystallization from solution and from melt but also on the

basic design methods for laboratory and especially industrial crystallizers.

Up to now the niche between scientiﬁc results and practical design and

operation of large-scale crystallizers has scarcely been ﬁlled. A work devoted

to this objective has to take into account relevant crystallization phenomena

as well as chemical engineering processes such as ﬂuid dynamics, multiphase

ﬂow, and heat and mass transfer. In the design of crystallizers, experiments

are initially performed on laboratory crystallizers to obtain kinetic data. In

this book, information is given on reliable scale-up of such crystallizers. The

selection, design, and operation of large-scale industrial crystallizers based

on fundamentals is the most signiﬁcant objective of this work. To this end,

an appendix listing important physical properties of a large number of

crystallization systems is included. A selection of design data valid for indus-

trial crystallizers with volumes up to several hundred cubic meters demon-

strates the applicability of the design and scale-up rules.

To date, the design of crystallizers has not been achievable from ﬁrst

principles. The reason is very simple: a complex variety of different pro-

cesses occur in crystallizers, such as nucleation, crystal growth, attrition and

agglomeration of crystals, ﬂuid dynamics, and heat and mass transfer. Some

of these processes are not yet well understood although the design and

operation of large-scale crystallizers require reliable knowledge of the

most essential processes. The book presents a survey of the state of the

art and stresses the interrelationships of the essential mechanisms in such

an apparatus. Furthermore, with respect to nucleation and crystal growth,

general approaches have been developed to predict the kinetic rates that are

needed for chemical engineering design and a new chapter on agglomeration

has been added.

Supersaturation is the decisive driving force with respect to the kinetics of

crystallization. Optimal supersaturation is a prerequisite for the economical

production of crystals with a desired size, shape, and purity. The book offers

information on the most suitable supersaturation requirements in labora-

tory and industrial crystallizers. Not only are aspects of cooling and

evaporative crystallization considered, but drowning-out and reaction crys-

tallization are also described in detail. In dealing with precipitation the

complex interrelationships between mixing and product quality are dis-

cussed. A special segment is devoted to the problem of how the process

components of an entire crystallization process can be economically ﬁtted

together. The aspects stressed are always those of production quality; size

distribution, coefﬁcient of variation, crystal shapes and purity, and the

problem of encrustation are considered. One chapter is devoted to the con-

trol of crystallizers and another deals with the role of additives and impu-

rities present in the solution. Crystallization from the melt is described in full

detail, and information is given on how to design and operate the corre-

sponding crystallizers. The book describes the most signiﬁcant devices for

crystallization from the melt and solidiﬁcation processes. Process develop-

ment such as high-pressure crystallization and freezing are considered and in

this second edition new results on direct contact cooling crystallization have

been added.

My goal has been to edit a work as homogeneous and practical as pos-

sible. The book is therefore not a mere collection of independent articles

written by several contributors but a coordinated handbook with a single list

of symbols and a uniﬁed bibliography. It is divided into 15 chapters to make

it easier to ﬁnd points of interest. Only simple derivations and equations

absolutely necessary for understanding and for calculation are presented.

The book is based on literature that is available worldwide (especially

references from the United States, Europe, and Japan) and on the direct

trial sector, and nearly all have spent some time in industrial plants. A few

fundamental chapters were written by scientiﬁc researchers at universities.

Because this volume addresses the theory and practice of crystallization, it

should be valuable in both academia and industry.

A. Mersmann

A. Mersmann - Crystallization Technology Handbook.pdf

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: