COHRE - Ruling Palestine, a history of the legally sanctioned Jewish-Israeli seizure of land and housing in Palestine (2005).pdf

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A HISTORY OF THE LEGALLY SANCTIONED JEWISH-ISRAELI SEIZURE OF LAND AND HOUSING IN PALESTINE
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)
BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights
May 2005
377851401.001.png
 
RULING PALESTINE
A HISTORY OF THE LEGALLY SANCTIONED JEWISH-ISRAELI SEIZURE OF LAND AND HOUSING IN PALESTINE
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)
BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights
May 2005
377851401.002.png
© Copyright 2005
The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)
BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights
Ruling Palestine: A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine
ISBN: 92-95004-29-9
All rights reserved
The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions is registered in The Netherlands, the US, Brazil and Australia as a not-for-profit organisation.
BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights is a community-based organisation registered with
the Palestinian Authority.
COHRE
83 Rue de Montbrillant
CH-1202 Geneva
Switzerland
Tel. +41.22.734.1028
Fax. +41.22.733.8336
Email cohre@cohre.org
Web www.cohre.org
Copies are available from: COHRE International Secretariat (address as above)
BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights
PO Box 728
Bethlehem, West Bank
Palestine
Tel. +972.2.277.7086
Fax. +972.2.274.7346
Email info@badil.org
Web www.badil.org
Written and prepared by: Souad R. Dajani (COHRE)
Reviewed by: Mayra Gomez (COHRE), Terry Rempel (BADIL), Jeff Handmaker (Netherlands Institute of Human Rights,
Utrecht University, The Netherlands)
Edited by: Rob Stuart (COHRE)
Design: Ontwerpburo Suggestie & illusie, Utrecht, The Netherlands, www.illusie.nl
Cover photo: Sijmen Hendriks, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Contents
Executive summary
6
1 Introduction
8
Outline of this study
10
2 Jewish-Zionist colonisation and land acquisition in Palestine (pre-1923)
12
2.1 Early beginnings of Jewish immigration and land purchases in Palestine
13
2.2 The Basle Programme to the end of World War I (1897-1918)
13
2.2.1 Jewish land-purchasing and colonisation activity during World War I
15
2.3 The Balfour Declaration and the British Mandate (1917-1923)
15
3 Jewish-Zionist land acquisition and policies during the British Mandate in Palestine (1923-1948) 17
3.1 Jewish agencies and organisations
18
3.2 Types, amounts and origins of land purchases
19
3.3 Intercessions with the British to further Zionist goals
23
3.3.1 Findings of commissions of inquiry to Palestine regarding land and Jewish immigration
23
3.4 The Biltmore Programme and US support for partition (1942-1946)
26
3.5 The UN Partition Plan and termination of the British Mandate (1947-1948)
27
3.5.1 Plan Dalet (Plan D) and territorial acquisition
28
4 Land acquisition, land laws and colonisation policies within the State of Israel (1948-1967) 29
4.1 The creation of the Palestinian refugee issue: depopulation and ‘transfer’
30
4.1.1 Zionism and the idea of ‘transfer’
30
4.2 Destruction and depopulation of Arab villages and towns (1947-1949)
32
4.2.1 The creation of the Palestinian refugee issue
33
4.2.2 Refugees and their rights under international law
35
4.3 Israel’s land and property laws
37
4.3.1 Backdrop to legislation: Israel as a ‘Jewish State’
37
4.3.2 Land and property laws in Israel: introductory comments
38
4.3.3 Israeli land and property laws: summary of major legislation
39
4.3.3.1 Initial emergency laws and other regulations
39
4.3.3.2 ‘Absentees’ property’ laws and related laws
41
4.3.3.3 Laws enacted to legalise further acquisition of Palestinian lands, and related laws.
43
4.4 The legal framework and Judaisation
56
4.4.1 The Government of Israel and the ‘National Institutions’
56
4.4.1.1 The Government of Israel and the Jewish Agency
57
4.4.1.2 The Government of Israel and the Jewish National Fund
57
4.5 The legal system and housing rights for Palestinians in Israel
58
4.5.1 Land and property issues in the Arab Galilee and the Negev
59
4.5.1.1 The Arab Galilee
60
4.5.1.2 The Negev
62
4.6 Summary
64
5 The occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip: land acquisition and settlement building (1967-1993) 65
5.1 Introduction 66
5.1.1 Legal and ideological backdrop 66
5.1.2 Israel’s occupation and the Fourth Geneva Convention 67
5.1.3 Use of legal rulings to circumvent the Fourth Geneva Convention 68
5.2 Israel’s colonisation of the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip 70
5.2.1 Preparing a legal framework for land acquisition and colonisation 70
5.2.2 Land and property issues in the West Bank – background 71
5.2.3 Land and property issues in the Gaza Strip – background 71
5.3 An overview of Israel’s colonisation plans 72
5.3.1 The Allon Plan 73
5.3.2 The Dayan Plan 73
5.3.3 The Sharon Plan 74
5.3.4 The Drobless (Drobles) Plan 75
5.3.5 The Seven Stars Plan 77
5.4 Legal framework for land acquisition in the Occupied Territories 78
5.4.1 Legal considerations and first steps 79
5.4.2 Israeli laws and Military Orders in the Occupied Territories 80
5.4.2.1 Emergency and security regulations relating to land and property 81
5.4.2.2 ‘Absentee Property’ orders and regulations 85
5.4.2.3 Military Orders and regulations concerning land and property, and related laws 86
5.4.3 Summary 105
5.5 Legal dualism – a case of de facto annexation? 106
5.5.1 Military Orders and regulations concerning Jewish settlers and settlements in the Occupied Territories 107
5.5.1.1 Selected examples of Military Orders concerning settlers and settlements
107
5.5.1.2 Military Orders establishing regional and local settlement councils
109
5.5.2 Jewish settlers and settlements in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip
112
5.5.3 Summary
116
5.6 Home demolitions as a consequence of Israeli military law in the Occupied Territories
117
5.6.1 Home demolitions on ‘military’ or ‘security’ grounds
117
5.6.2 Home demolitions on ‘administrative’ grounds
119
5.6.3 The right to housing in international law
121
6 Land, colonisation and housing policies in annexed East Jerusalem (1967-2003)
123
6.1 Background to land and colonisation issues in Jerusalem
124
6.2 Housing and population control in Jerusalem
125
6.2.1 Planning and development
127
6.2.2 Permanent residence status and Jerusalem’s Palestinian population
128
6.3 Land expropriation
131
6.3.1 Expropriation of land for ‘public purposes’ in Jerusalem
131
6.3.2 Jewish settlements in Jerusalem
131
6.3.3 ‘Metropolitan Jerusalem’: Ma’ale Adumim and the E-1 Plan
135
6.4 Summary
136

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