Mcgraw.Hill.Db.Database.Management.Systems.2ed.pdf

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CONTENTS
PREFACE
xxii
Part I BASICS
1
1
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE SYSTEMS
3
1.1
Overview
4
1.2
A Historical Perspective
5
1.3
File Systems versus a DBMS
7
1.4
Advantages of a DBMS
8
1.5
Describing and Storing Data in a DBMS
9
1.5.1
The Relational Model
10
1.5.2
Levels of Abstraction in a DBMS
11
1.5.3
Data Independence
14
1.6
Queries in a DBMS
15
1.7
Transaction Management
15
1.7.1
Concurrent Execution of Transactions
16
1.7.2
Incomplete Transactions and System Crashes
17
1.7.3
Points to Note
18
1.8
Structure of a DBMS
18
1.9
People Who Deal with Databases
20
1.10
Points to Review
21
2 THE ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
24
2.1
Overview of Database Design
24
2.1.1
Beyond the ER Model
25
2.2
Entities, Attributes, and Entity Sets
26
2.3
Relationships and Relationship Sets
27
2.4
Additional Features of the ER Model
30
2.4.1
Key Constraints
30
2.4.2
Participation Constraints
32
2.4.3
Weak Entities
33
2.4.4
Class Hierarchies
35
2.4.5
Aggregation
37
vii
viii
Database Management Systems
2.5
Conceptual Database Design With the ER Model
38
2.5.1
Entity versus Attribute
39
2.5.2
Entity versus Relationship
40
2.5.3
Binary versus Ternary Relationships *
41
2.5.4
Aggregation versus Ternary Relationships *
43
2.6
Conceptual Design for Large Enterprises *
44
2.7
Points to Review
45
3 THE RELATIONAL MODEL
51
3.1
Introduction to the Relational Model
52
3.1.1
Creating and Modifying Relations Using SQL-92
55
3.2
Integrity Constraints over Relations
56
3.2.1
Key Constraints
57
3.2.2
Foreign Key Constraints
59
3.2.3
General Constraints
61
3.3
Enforcing Integrity Constraints
62
3.4
Querying Relational Data
64
3.5
Logical Database Design: ER to Relational
66
3.5.1
Entity Sets to Tables
67
3.5.2
Relationship Sets (without Constraints) to Tables
67
3.5.3
Translating Relationship Sets with Key Constraints
69
3.5.4
Translating Relationship Sets with Participation Constraints
71
3.5.5
Translating Weak Entity Sets
73
3.5.6
Translating Class Hierarchies
74
3.5.7
Translating ER Diagrams with Aggregation
75
3.5.8
ER to Relational: Additional Examples *
76
3.6
Introduction to Views
78
3.6.1
Views, Data Independence, Security
79
3.6.2
Updates on Views
79
3.7
Destroying/Altering Tables and Views
82
3.8
Points to Review
83
Part II RELATIONAL QUERIES
89
4 RELATIONAL ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS
91
4.1
Preliminaries
91
4.2
Relational Algebra
92
4.2.1
Selection and Projection
93
4.2.2
Set Operations
94
4.2.3
Renaming
96
4.2.4
Joins
97
4.2.5
Division
99
4.2.6
More Examples of Relational Algebra Queries
100
Contents
ix
4.3
Relational Calculus
106
4.3.1
Tuple Relational Calculus
107
4.3.2
Domain Relational Calculus
111
4.4
Expressive Power of Algebra and Calculus *
114
4.5
Points to Review
115
5
SQL: QUERIES, PROGRAMMING, TRIGGERS
119
5.1
About the Examples
121
5.2
The Form of a Basic SQL Query
121
5.2.1
Examples of Basic SQL Queries
126
5.2.2
Expressions and Strings in the SELECT Command
127
5.3
UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT
129
5.4
Nested Queries
132
5.4.1
Introduction to Nested Queries
132
5.4.2
Correlated Nested Queries
134
5.4.3
Set-Comparison Operators
135
5.4.4
More Examples of Nested Queries
136
5.5
Aggregate Operators
138
5.5.1
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
140
5.5.2
More Examples of Aggregate Queries
143
5.6
Null Values *
147
5.6.1
Comparisons Using Null Values
147
5.6.2
Logical Connectives AND, OR, and NOT
148
5.6.3
Impact on SQL Constructs
148
5.6.4
Outer Joins
149
5.6.5
Disallowing Null Values
150
5.7
Embedded SQL *
150
5.7.1
Declaring Variables and Exceptions
151
5.7.2
Embedding SQL Statements
152
5.8
Cursors *
153
5.8.1
Basic Cursor Denition and Usage
153
5.8.2
Properties of Cursors
155
5.9
Dynamic SQL *
156
5.10
ODBC and JDBC *
157
5.10.1 Architecture
158
5.10.2 An Example Using JDBC
159
5.11
Complex Integrity Constraints in SQL-92 *
161
5.11.1 Constraints over a Single Table
161
5.11.2 Domain Constraints
162
5.11.3 Assertions: ICs over Several Tables
163
5.12
Triggers and Active Databases
164
5.12.1 Examples of Triggers in SQL
165
5.13
Designing Active Databases
166
5.13.1 Why Triggers Can Be Hard to Understand
167
x
Database Management Systems
5.13.2 Constraints versus Triggers
167
5.13.3 Other Uses of Triggers
168
5.14
Points to Review
168
6 QUERY-BY-EXAMPLE (QBE)
177
6.1
Introduction
177
6.2
Basic QBE Queries
178
6.2.1
Other Features: Duplicates, Ordering Answers
179
6.3
Queries over Multiple Relations
180
6.4
Negation in the Relation-Name Column
181
6.5
Aggregates
181
6.6
The Conditions Box
183
6.6.1
And/Or Queries
184
6.7
Unnamed Columns
185
6.8
Updates
185
6.8.1
Restrictions on Update Commands
187
6.9
Division and Relational Completeness *
187
6.10
Points to Review
189
Part III DATA STORAGE AND INDEXING
193
7
STORING DATA: DISKS AND FILES
195
7.1
The Memory Hierarchy
196
7.1.1
Magnetic Disks
197
7.1.2
Performance Implications of Disk Structure
199
7.2
RAID
200
7.2.1
Data Striping
200
7.2.2
Redundancy
201
7.2.3
Levels of Redundancy
203
7.2.4
Choice of RAID Levels
206
7.3
Disk Space Management
207
7.3.1
Keeping Track of Free Blocks
207
7.3.2
Using OS File Systems to Manage Disk Space
207
7.4
Buer Manager
208
7.4.1
Buer Replacement Policies
211
7.4.2
Buer Management in DBMS versus OS
212
7.5
Files and Indexes
214
7.5.1
Heap Files
214
7.5.2
Introduction to Indexes
216
7.6
Page Formats *
218
7.6.1
Fixed-Length Records
218
7.6.2
Variable-Length Records
219
7.7
Record Formats *
221

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