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Professional Filter Techniques for Digital Photographers
TECHNIQUES
FILTER
FOR DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHERS
Stan Sholik
Amherst Media
®
PUBLISHER OF PHOTOGRAPHY BOOKS
PROFESSIONAL
Copyright © 2006 by Stan Sholik.
All rights reserved.
Published by:
Amherst Media, Inc.
P.O. Box 586
Buffalo, N.Y. 14226
Fax: 716-874-4508
www.AmherstMedia.com
Publisher: Craig Alesse
Senior Editor/Production Manager: Michelle Perkins
Assistant Editor: Barbara A. Lynch-Johnt
ISBN-13: 978-1-58428-196-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006925664
Printed in Korea.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopied, recorded or otherwise, without
prior written consent from the publisher.
Notice of Disclaimer: The information contained in this
book is based on the author’s experience and opinions.
The author and publisher will not be held liable for the use
or misuse of the information in this book.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
The Impact of Digital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Plug-in Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Hardware vs. Software Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Level of Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Mac or Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Equipment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Technical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2. COLOR-CONVERSION, LIGHT-BALANCING,
AND COLOR-COMPENSATING FILTERS
. . . .18
Digital Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
White Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
RAW Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
JPEG Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Color-Conversion Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Filter Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
85 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
80 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Digital Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Creative Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Light-Balancing Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Filter Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
82 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
81 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Combining Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Software Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Creative Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Color-Compensating Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Filter Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Filter Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Creative Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Digital Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Other Color-Balance Options and Tools . . . . . . . .28
Filtering the Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Colored Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Wallace ExpoDisc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
1. CHOOSING A CAMERA FILTER SYSTEM
. .10
Screw-in or Slide-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Screw-in Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Slide-in Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Filter Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
67mm (2.6-inch) Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
84mm (3.3-inch) Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
100mm (4-inch) Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Filter Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Gelatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Polyester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Filter Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Lens Shades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
3. POLARIZING FILTERS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
For the Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
How They Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Types of Polarizing Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Linear Polarizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Circular Polarizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Sizes and Multicoating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Additional Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
When to Use a Polarizing Filter . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Filter Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
For the Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
6. NEUTRAL-DENSITY AND
CONTRAST-CONTROL FILTERS
. . . . . . . . . . .58
Neutral-Density Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Using ND Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Software ND Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Contrast-Control Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Camera Contrast-Control Filters . . . . . . . . . . .63
Software Contrast-Control Filters . . . . . . . . . . .63
4. GRADUATED FILTERS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Neutral-Density Graduated Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
For the Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Hard vs. Soft Gradations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Filter Types and Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
For the Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Plug-in Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
ND Grad Effects without a Plug-in Filter . .41
Color Graduated Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
For the Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Colors and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Colored Grads in the Computer . . . . . . . . . . . .47
7. ENHANCING FILTERS
FOR LANDSCAPES AND PEOPLE
. . . . . . . . . .65
Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Digital Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Portraits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
8. SPECIAL-EFFECTS FILTERS
. . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Star Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Hardware Star Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Software Star Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Diffraction Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Software Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Multi-Image Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Types of Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Using Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Software Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Speed Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Software Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Day for Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Software Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Unique Software Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Darkroom Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Posterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
S
olarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Cross Porcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Artistic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
5. SOFTENING FILTERS: SOFT-FOCUS,
DIFFUSION, AND FOG FILTERS
. . . . . . . . . . . .48
Camera Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Types of Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Filters with Random Elements . . . . . . . . . .50
Filters with Regular Elements . . . . . . . . . . .51
Filters with Overall Texture . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Filters with Net or
Random Black Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Degree of Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Subject Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Other Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Software Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
4 PROFESSIONAL FILTER TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHERS
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