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The Complete FreeBSD ®
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If you find errorsinthis book, please report them to Greg Lehey <grog@Free-
BSD.org> for inclusion in the errata list.
The Complete FreeBSD ®
Fourth Edition
Te nth anniversary version, 24 February 2006
GregLehey
The Complete FreeBSD ®
by GregLehey <grog@FreeBSD.org>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006 by GregLehey. This book is licensed under the Creative
Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike .5” license. The full text is located at
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/legalcode .You are free:
• to copy, distribute, display,and perform the work
• to makederivative works
under the following conditions:
• Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
• Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
This clause is modified from the original by the provision:
Yo umay use this book for commercial purposes if you pay me the sum of USD 20 per copyprinted (whether sold or not).
Yo umust also agree to allowinspection of printing records and other material necessary to confirm the royalty sums.
The purpose of this clause is to makeitattractive tonegotiate sensible royalties before printing.
• Share Alike. If you alter,transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only
under a license identical to this one.
• Forany reuse or distribution, you must makeclear to others the license terms of this work.
• Anyofthese conditions can be waivedifyou get permission from the copyright holder.
Yo ur fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.
Parts of this book are derivedfrom the FreeBSD online handbook, which is subject to the BSD documentation
license reproduced on page xxxiv.
FreeBSD ® is currently a registered trade mark of FreeBSD Inc. and Wind RiverSystems Inc. Changes are
planned; see http://www.FreeBSD.org/ for up-to-date information.
UNIX ® is currently a registered trade mark of The Open Group. Formore information, see
http://www.rdg.opengroup.org/public/tech/unix/trademark.html .Asused in this book, UNIX refers to the
operating system development that predated the registration of the UNIX trademark.
Significant portions copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995 FreeBSD Inc.
Portions copyright © 1994, 1995 The XFree86 Project, Inc.
The Berkeleydaemon on the coverofthe print version was included with kind permission of M. Kirk
McKusick.
This book was written in troff and formatted on 25 February 2006 with GNU groff Ve rsion 1.19 running under
FreeBSD 6.0-CURRENT.
Contents
Foreword ........................................................................................................... xxiv
Preface to the free edition ................................................................... xxvii
Building the book..................................................................................................... xxix
The status of this book .............................................................................................. xxx
Preface ................................................................................................................ xxxi
The fourth edition..................................................................................................... xxxi
Conventions used in this book ................................................................................ xxxii
Describing the keyboard ......................................................................................... xxxiii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xxxiv
Book reviewers ....................................................................................................... xxxv
Howthis book was written..................................................................................... xxxvi
1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
Howtouse this book ..................................................................................................... 1
FreeBSD features .......................................................................................................... 4
Licensing conditions ..................................................................................................... 6
Alittle history ............................................................................................................... 7
The end of the UNIX wars ............................................................................................. 9
Other free UNIX-likeoperating systems ...................................................................... 9
FreeBSD and Linux ..................................................................................................... 10
FreeBSD system documentation ................................................................................. 12
Reading online documentation ...................................................................................... 12
The online manual ....................................................................................................... 13
GNU info ................................................................................................................... 15
Other documentation on FreeBSD .............................................................................. 16
The FreeBSD community ........................................................................................... 17
v
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