vihtavuorireloadingguideed10_2012eng.pdf

Reloading Guide |

Edition 10

for Centerfire Cartridges

Edition 10

Burning Rate Chart

Table of Contents

Current canister powders in order of approximate burning rate.

This list is for reference only and not to be used for developing loads.

BURNING RATE CHART .................... 2

PREFACE ............................................ 4

VIHTAVUORI POWDERS ................... 5

Rile Powders .................................... 5

N100 series .................................. 5

N500 series .................................. 5

Powders for .50 BMG ................... 6

Handgun Powders ............................ 7

ABOUT THE DATA ............................. 8

Disclaimer ........................................ 8

How to Use the Data ........................ 8

Pressure ........................................... 8

PROPERTIES AND STORAGE OF

SMOKELESS POWDER ..................... 9

Properties of Smokeless Powder ........ 9

How to Check Smokeless Powder

for Deterioration ............................. 10

Considerations for Storage

of Smokeless Powder ...................... 10

Recommendations for Storage

of Smokeless Powder ...................... 11

RELOADING SAFETY ............... 12 - 13

RIFLE RELOADING DATA ............... 14

Disclaimer ...................................... 14

.204 Ruger ..................................... 14

.22 Hornet ...................................... 14

.222 Remington ............................. 15

.223 Remington ...................... 15 - 17

.223 WSSM .................................... 17

.22 PPC-USA .................................. 17

.22-250 Remington ........................ 18

6 mm PPC-USA .............................. 18

6 mm BR Norma ............................. 19

.243 WSSM .................................... 19

.243 Winchester ............................. 20

6 mm Remington ............................ 21

.240 Weatherby Magnum ............... 21

.25-06 Remington .......................... 22

6,5 mm Grendel ...................... 22 - 23

6,5 x 47 Lapua ............................... 23

.260 Remington ............................. 24

6,5 x 55 Swedish Mauser ......... 25 - 26

6,5 x 55 Swedish Mauser/SKAN ...... 27

6,5 - 284 Norma ............................ 28

.270 WSM ...................................... 28

.270 Winchester ............................. 29

.270 Weatherby Magnum ............... 29

7 mm - 08 Remington..................... 30

7 x 57 ............................................ 30

7 x 57R ................................... 30 - 31

7 x 64 ............................................ 31

7 mm WSM .................................... 31

7 mm Remington Magnum ............. 32

7 mm Weatherby Magnum .............. 32

.30 Carbine .................................... 32

.30-30 Winchester .......................... 33

.300 Savage ................................... 33

.308 Winchester ...................... 33 - 36

7,62 x 53R (7,62 Russian) ....... 36 - 37

7,5 x 55 Swiss GP31 ................ 37 - 38

.30-06 Springield .................... 38 - 39

.300 H&H Magnum ........................ 40

.300 WSM ...................................... 40

.300 Winchester Magnum ........ 41 - 42

.300 Weatherby Magnum ............... 42

.300 Lapua Magnum ...................... 42

.300 Remington Ultra Magnum ....... 43

.30-.378 Weatherby Magnum ......... 43

7,62 x 39 ....................................... 44

.303 British .................................... 44

8 x 57 IS (8 mm Mauser) ................ 44

8 x 57 IRS....................................... 45

.338 Winchester Magnum ............... 45

.338 Lapua Magnum ...................... 46

9,3 x 62 .................................. 46 - 47

9,3 x 66 Sako ................................. 47

9,3 x 74R ....................................... 47

.375 H&H Magnum ........................ 48

.416 Rigby ...................................... 48

.444 Marlin .................................... 49

.45-70 Government ........................ 49

.458 Winchester Magnum ............... 50

.50 Browning ................................. 50

HANDGUN RELOADING DATA ..... 51

Disclaimer ...................................... 51

7 mm TCU ...................................... 51

7 mm BR Remington ....................... 52

7 mm GJW ..................................... 52

7,62 x 25 Tokarev .................... 52 - 53

.32 S&W Long N.P. .......................... 53

.32 S&W Long Wadcutter ................ 53

9 mm Luger ............................. 53 - 55

9 x 21 ............................................ 55

9 x 23 Winchester ........................... 56

.357 SIG ......................................... 56

.38 Super Auto ............................... 57

.38 Super Lapua ............................. 58

.38 Special .............................. 58 - 59

.357 Magnum ......................... 59 - 60

.357 Remington Maximum ............. 60

.40 S&W......................................... 61

10 mm AUTO ........................... 61 - 62

.41 Remington Magnum ................. 62

.44 S&W Special ...................... 62 - 63

.44 Remington Magnum .......... 63 - 64

.45 ACP .......................................... 64

.45 Colt .......................................... 65

.45 Winchester Magnum. ................ 65

.454 Casull ..................................... 66

.50 AE ............................................ 66

.500 S&W Magnum ........................ 66

VIHTAVUORI SMOKELESS LOADS FOR

COWBOY ACTION SHOOTING ........ 67

.38 Special ..................................... 68

.357 Magnum ................................ 68

.44 S&W Special ............................. 68

.44 Remington Magnum ................. 68

.45 Colt .......................................... 69

Personal Loads .................................. 70

VIHTAVUORI WORLDWIDE dalfa

DISTRI BUTOR S .............................. 71

Vihtavuori Norma RWS VECTAN PB IMR Hodgdon Accurate W-W Alliant Ramshot

Titewad

E 3

Nitro 100

WST

N310

P805

Ba10

HP38

P801

Trail Boss

Titegroup

Solo 1000

231

Bullseye

Clays

452

Competition

N320

Hi-Skor700X

No. 2

WSL

Red Dot

Clays Int’l

Solo 1250

473

American Select

N32C

SR7625

Promo

Zip

P804

Green Dot

P803

Clays Univer.

No. 5

WSF

Unique

N330

Ba9

PCL501

HS-6

540

Power Pistol

N340

SP8

PCL504

SR4756

Longshot

WAP

Herco

Silhouette

3N37

N350

Hi-Skor 800X

True Blue

3N38

SP2 Pract.

571

Blue Dot

N105

HS-7

No. 7

Steel

2400

Enforcer

R-123

SP3

No. 9

P806

SR4759

H110

4100

N110

R910

PCL512

IMR4227

H4198

296

Ba6

Li’l Gun

680

200

R901

H4227

5744

410

N120

Tubal2000

IMR4198

1680

Reloder 7

2015

R902

IMR3031

Benchmark

Reloder 11

PCL507

H322

2230

N130

201

SP10

BL(C)-2

2460

748

Reloder 10X

N133

202

Tubal3000

8208XBR

H335

X-Terminator

R903

2495

SP9

IMR4895

2520

N530

IMR4064

H4895

4064

Reloder 12

TAC

N135

SP7

IMR4320

Varget

N140

203B

R907

PCL511

H380

2700

Reloder 15

Big Game

N540

H414

760

N150

URP

R904

Tubal5000

H4350

4350

Reloder 17

N550

IMR4350

Reloder 19

204

SP11

H450

WMR

Hunter

N160

Tubal7000

IMR4831

H4831SC

785

N560

MRP

R905

H4831

3100

N165

MRP(2)

Tubal8000

IMR7828SSC

MagPro

WXR

Reloder 22

IMR7828

H1000

Reloder 25

Magnum

N170

Retumbo

8700

N570

SP13

PCL520

H870

24N41

50BMG

Reloder 50

20N29

Preface

Rifle Powders

N140

A true multipurpose powder, which can usually be used in

place of IMR4320, Reloder 15 or Hodgdon H380. Good

choice also for .223 Remington, .22-250 Remington, .308

Winchester, .30-06 Spring ield, 8x57 IS (8 mm Mauser) and

.375 H&H Magnum.

Dear Vihtavuori customer,

N100 Series

The new Vihtavuori Reloading Guide Edition 10 for Centerire Ammunition is an updated version of the previous

Vihtavuori Reloading Guides. The contents of this updated issue has been revised with loading data for the

following calibres:

The N100 –series powders are primarily rile powders with

suitable burning rates to optimize handloading from the

.204 Ruger and .22 Hornet to the .338 Lapua Magnum and

.30-378 Weatherby Magnum. There are ten types of powders

with different burning rate available in this series:

Centerire rile

222 Remington

6,5x55 Swedish Mauser

.308 Winchester

7,62x53R

.30-06 Springield

.300 WSM

.300 Winchester Magnum

.300 RUM

N150

This powder burns a bit slower than N140 and works as well

as Hodgdon H414 and Winchester 760. Typically used with

heavier bullets in accuracy and hunting loads of cartridges

with middle case volumes, like .308 Winchester, 6,5x55 SE

and .30-06 Springield.

.223 Remington

.22-250 Remington

6mm BR Norma

.243 Winchester

6,5 Grendel

6,5x47 Lapua

N110

The fastest burning rile powder from Vihtavuori. Similar to

Hodgdon H110 and Winchester 296. N110 can be used in

small rile cases like .22 Hornet and .30 Carbine but also

in magnum pistol and revolver cartridges like .357 S&W

Magnum, .41 Magnum, .44 Magnum, .454 Casull and .500

S&W.

N160

A slow burning powder for Magnum cartridges and calibers

with large case volume and comparatively small bullet

diameter. Burning speed of N160 is close to Reloder 19,

Winchester WMR and the various 4831´s. For example some

ideal applications are: .243 Winchester, 6,5-.284 Norma, 7

mm Weatherby Magnum, .300 Winchester Magnum, .338

Winchester Magnum and all the Winchester Short Magnums.

The now published new rile reloading data is expanding and revising the powder selection for existing bullets but

also contains new caliber data for 223 WSSM and 7 mm WSM.

N120

Slower burning powder for small capacity rile cases and for

lighter bullets in many .22 caliber loads. N120 needs higher

pressure than N110 in order to optimize burning. Burning

rate is near to Accurate 1680, IMR 4198 and Reloder 7.

N120 is suitable also for 7,62x39, .30-30 Winchester and

.444 Marlin.

As a courtesy to the reloader the load tables contain notes of compressed loads and loads to ill the case up. For

lexible usage this guide features data in metric and imperial dimension systems i.e. charge weight in grams and

grains as well as muzzle velocity in meters and feet per second. This reloading guide also includes the accuracy

loads noted in the load tables. These loads utilize worldwide well-known Lapua cartridge components and are

factory tested either for even pressure / muzzle velocity and accuracy. These loads are highlighted in the load tables

with dark grey shadowing.

N165

A very slow burning powder for Magnum cartridges with

heavy bullets. N165 offers performance equal to Norma MRP

and Reloder 22. To be used with heavy bullets in calibers

ranging from 6,5x55 SE all the way to .416 Rigby.

N130

This powder is used in many factory loaded caliber .22 and 6

mm PPC cartridges. Suitable also for lighter bullets in caliber

.223 Remington and for straight-wall rile cases like .45-70

Government and .458 Winchester Magnum. Burning rate is

close to Hodgdon H322 and Accurate 2230.

All the loads in this guide are pressure tested according to the C.I.P. method. The maximum loads given in the

tables are determined according to the C.I.P. and SAAMI maximum pressure speciications. The listed maximum

loads should never be exceeded. Due to the differences in the cartridge components, individual weapons, shooting

temperatures etc., always start developing your load by using the starting load according to the loading data. If there

is no indication of the starting load, use 15 % lower charge than the listed maximum load as your starting load.

N170

The slowest burning N100 series rile powder from Vihtavuori

and one of the slowest canister reloading powders generally

available from any manufacturer. It will it applications

similar to Hodgdon H1000 and Accurate 8700. Good

performances in most of the belted Magnum cartridges

like .300 Weatherby Magnum and suitable also for .300

Remington Ultra Magnum and .338 Lapua Magnum.

N133

A choice of many bench rest and standard rile shooters

who are using 6 mm PPC. Used also in many loads of .222

Remington, .223 Remington and as well in other applications

where a relatively fast burning powder is needed, like in .45-

70 Government. Similarly burning powders are Norma 201,

Hodgdon H335 and Vectan SP10.

The Vihtavuori powders are manufactured by Eurenco Vihtavuori Oy at the Vihtavuori plants. Sales and marketing

of the reloading powders as well as customer service are carried out by Nammo Lapua Oy. The contact details of

Lapua customer service and a listing of Vihtavuori Distributors can be found at the end of this guide. For latest

updates of data and distributors check also www.vihtavuori.i or www.lapua.com, where this guide can also be

downloaded in PDF format.

N500 Series

N135

An excellent powder for .308 Winchester loads with bullet

weight less than 10 grams (155 grains). It will it applications

similar to IMR4064, Hodgdon H4895 or Accurate 2520.

Capability for various loads ranging from .222 Remington to

.458 Winchester Magnum.

We wish you successful reloading with Vihtavuori powders.

Adding nitroglycerol to the traditional single base powder

makes possible in addition to geometry and coating a third

controlled variable of ballistic properties: energy content.

Vihtavuori calls powders which have nitroglycerol added

(maximum 25 %) high energy NC-powders, which form

N500 series.

Rifle Powders

Handgun Powders

3N37

Originally developed for .22 rimire cartridges but has proven

to be very versatile and desirable within all competitive

handgun shooting disciplines. The burning speed of this small

grain powder is near to N350 and Vectan A0. Reloading data

available for all popular handgun cartridges.

Handgun powders include ive N300 series propellants, three

special propellants and one propellant applicated especially

for Cowboy Action Shooting:

The composition of a typical high energy powder is as follows:

N570

This is the newest member of the N500 series powders and

also the slowest burning. The burning rate of N570 is near to

N170 and it is faster burning than 24N41. The characteristics

of this high energy powder with large grain size bring out

the best in most of the large volume cases like for example in

6,5-.284 Norma, .300 Winchester Magnum, .300 Remington

Ultra Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum and .30-378 Weatherby

Magnum.

• nitrocellulose • nitroglycerol

• coating agent • stabilizer

• lame reducing agent • wear reducing agent

N310

Very fast burning and competitive with Alliant Bullseye, Hodg-

don HP38 and Vectan Ba 10. It has applications in a very wide

range from .32 S&W Long Wadcutter up to .45 ACP.

Geometrically the powders in the N500 series are equal to

the N100 series. Although these new powders have a higher

energy content, they do not cause greater wear to the gun.

This is because the surface of the powder has been treated

with an agent designed to reduce barrel wear.

N500 series powders work well at different temperatures,

even better than the traditional N100 and N300 series.

Temperature sensitivity naturally depends very much on the

weapon and on the cartridge. The manufacturing technique

employed permits a very high bulk density, which in turn

makes it possible to use a bigger charge in a certain limited

loading volume.

3N38

This specially designed powder for competitive handgun shoot-

ing is recommended for high velocity loads of 9 mm Luger,

.38 Super Auto and .40 S&W with moderate bullet weight.

Burning rate is corresponding to Vectan SP 2.

N320

A comparatively fast burning multipurpose handgun powder

with burning rate about the same as Winchester 231 or Alliant

Red Dot. Currently available reloading data for 9 mm Luger,

.38 Super Auto, .38 Special, .357 Magnum, .40 S&W, .44

S&W Special, .44 Remington Magnum, .45 ACP and .45 Colt.

Powders for the .50 BMG

N105 Super Magnum

Slow burning handgun powder illing the gap between N350

and N110. Especially developed for handgun cartridges with

heavy bullets and/or large case volume. Reloading data is

currently available for the following cartridges: 9x21 mm, .38

Super Auto, .357 Magnum, 357 Remington Maximum, .40

S&W, 10 mm AUTO, .41 Remington Magnum, .44 Remington

Magnum, .45 Colt, .45 Winchester Magnum and .454 Casull.

For .50 BMG there are two special Vihtavuori reloading powders

available: 24N41 and 20N29. They are, like N100 series, single

base surface treated powders. Their burning rate is slower and

grain size larger than that of the N100 series rile reloading

powders. The renewed relative burning rate of the 24N41 is

39 and that of the 20N29 respectively 36, when N110 is given

the index 100, and therefore 24N41 is slightly faster burning

than 20N29. There is reloading data available also for some

other magnum rile calibers with these powders and 20N29

has gained reputation also when used eg. in .300 Lapua

Magnum and in .30-378 Weatherby Magnum.

Tin Star (N32C)

Special powder developed for Cowboy Action Shooters shoot-

ing lead bullets with revolvers and single-action riles. It has

low bulk density (less free space in the case) and it burns very

clean without residues with a burning rate between N320 and

N330. Reloading data is currently available for .38 Special

and .44 Magnum.

Vihtavuori High Energy powders are available in for burning

rates:

N530

This is the fastest burning powder in the N500 series and

its burning rate is close to Vihtavuori N135 and Hodgdon

BL-C(2). Developed especially for the 5,56 mm NATO-

cartridges and it gives excellent performances in many .45-

70 Government loads and also in .308 Winchester loads with

bullet weight less than 10 grams (155 grains).

N330

Burning rate is a bit slower than with N320 and corresponding

to Alliant Unique and Vectan Ba 9. Especially designed for 9

mm Luger but also suitable for .38 Special, .40 S&W, .44 S&W

Special and .45 (Long) Colt.

N540

Faster burning powder with a burning rate like with N140

and close to Hodgdon H414 and Winchester 760. To

situations where more power is needed, especially for .223

Remington, .308 Winchester and .30-06 Springield loads

with heavier bullets.

N340

An excellent multipurpose handgun powder with burning

rate generally about like Accurate No.5 or Alliant Herco. Wide

application area covers the following handgun cartridges: 9

mm Luger, 9x21 mm, .357 SIG, .38 Super Auto, .38 Special,

.357 Magnum, .40 S&W, 10 mm AUTO, .44 S&W Special, .44

Remington Magnum, .45 ACP and .45 Colt.

N550

Burning rate is like with N150 and close to IMR 4350 and

Reloder 19. Good choice for more powerful loads for 6,5x55

SE, .308 Winchester, .30-06 Springield and for many others.

N350

This is the slowest burning N300 series handgun powder,

which can usually be used instead of Accurate No.7, IMR Hi-

Skor 800-X and Alliant Blue Dot. Appropriate choice for many

powerful handgun loads, for example in calibers 9 mm Luger,

10 mm AUTO and .45 ACP.

N560

Burning rate is between N160 and N165 and close to Norma

MRP and Reloder 22. Powder especially for Magnum cartridges

to get out the best power for example from .270 Winchester,

7 mm Remington Magnum, 7 mm Weatherby Magnum, .300

Winchester Magnum, .300 Weatherby Magnum and .338

Lapua Magnum.

About the Data

Properties and Storage of

Smokeless Powder

the maximum listed charge. The same process is followed for

heavier charges except that charge weights from 11 to 25

grains use increments of 0.5 grains. For charges over 25 grains

increments of 1.0 grains will be correct.

Disclaimer

although smokeless powder may contain chemical ingredients

common to some of these products.

Properties of Smokeless Powder

As Nammo Lapua Oy has no control over improper storage,

handling, loading or use of our powders after they have left the

factory, we make no warranty of any kind, either expressed or

implied, limited or full. We speciically disclaim all warranties

of itness for a particular purpose and merchantability. We

speciically disclaim all liability for consequential damages

of any kind whatsoever, whether or not due to seller’s

negligence or based on strict product liability or principle of

indemnity or contribution, Nammo Lapua Oy neither assumes

nor authorizes any person to assume for it any liability in

connection with the use of this product.

High explosives such as dynamite are made to detonate, that

is, to change from solid state to gaseous state with evolution

of intense heat at such a rapid rate that shock waves are

propagated through any medium in contact with them. Such

shock waves exert pressure on anything they contact, and, as

a matter of practical consideration, it is almost impossible to

satisfactorily vent away the effects of a detonation involving

any appreciable quantity of dynamite.

If even a single test round shows signs of excessive pressure

discontinue the use of the load. Do not ire even a single

additional cartridge. Seek qualiied help before proceeding!

The traditional sign of overpressure is a lattened primer.

When lattened primers start to occur, it is a deinite warning

that the charge should be reduced, quickly. Brass getting into

the ejector and extractor cavities is a worse case. Blown out

primers are worse still. If a case ruptures it may be a sign of a

defective case or a truly lethal chamber pressure.

Smokeless powders, or propellants, are essentially mixtures of

chemicals designed to bum under controlled conditions at the

proper rate to propel a projectile from a gun.

Smokeless powders are made in three forms:

Thin, circular lakes or wafers

Small cylinders

Small spheres

Smokeless powder differs considerably in its burning

characteristics from common “black powder”.

In case of overpressure signs it is wiser to back off, to be safe

rather than sorry. Why risk potentially fatal injury? Better to

stop shooting and immediately discard all such reloads.

How to Use the Data

Single-base smokeless powders derive their main source of

energy from nitrocellulose.

Black powder burns essentially at the same rate out in the

open (unconined) as when in a gun.

Our rile and handgun data listings generally contain maximum

charges which are not to be exceeded. In some instances

starting loads are also listed. Currently this booklet contains

all of the data we can supply. Be certain you use the correct

data and the speciic bullet weight shown.

The energy released from double-base smokeless powders is

derived from both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine.

Read also the Reloading Safety Rules on pages 12 and 13.

When ignited in an unconined state, smokeless powder

burns ineficiently with an orange-colored lame. It produces

a considerable amount of light brown noxious smelling smoke.

It leaves a residue of ash and partially burned powder. The

lame is hot enough to cause severe burns.

Pressure

All smokeless powders are extremely lammable by design,

they are intended to bum rapidly and vigorously when ignited.

There are numerous factors which can change the ballistic

performance of a load even when the data is followed exactly.

For example: The internal dimensions of a irearm can vary

greatly even between two of the same make and model.

Pressures can vary to extremes as different irearms are used.

Each change in brand and even within different lots of a

speciic brand component can cause notable ballistic changes.

Too, changes in ambient temperature can also cause ballistic

altering pressures. Not every bullet of a given diameter and

weight will produce alike pressure. Changes in case brand

can also effect ballistics. There are numerous other causes of

varying pressure levels.

By staying 5 % below the maximum powder charge weight,

pressures will be reduced by about 10 % while velocities will

be only about 3 % lower than listed.

Oxygen from the air is not necessary for the combustion of

smokeless powders since they contain suficient built-in oxygen

to burn completely, even in an enclosed space such as the

chamber of a irearm.

The opposite is true when it burns under pressure as in a

cartridge ired in a gun. Then it produces very little smoke, a

small glow, and leaves very little or no residue. The burning

rate of smokeless powder increases with increased pressure.

Caution: When loading handgun cartridges it is vital to

maintain the minimum cartridge overall length (C.O.L.) listed

in the tables. Shorter overall lengths may double chamber

pressures. Longer lengths are permissible so long as the

functioning of the handgun will not be impaired.

In effect, ignition occurs when the powder granules are heated

above their ignition temperature. This can occur by exposing

powder to:

If burning smokeless powder is conined, gas pressure will

rise and eventually can cause the container to burst. Under

such circumstances, the bursting of a strong container creates

effects similar to an explosion.

A lame such as a match or primer lash.

The data in the loading tables were obtained at an ambient

temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity

of 55 %. The values obtained were under carefully controlled

conditions and may vary from those obtained with your

irearm, speciic component lots, loading dimensions, and

loading procedures. The maximum charges must NEVER

be exceeded. Start loading with the starting load

according to the loading data. If there is no indication

of the starting load, use 15 % lower charge than the

listed maximum . When loading cartridges for which the

listed charge is 10 grains or less, after iring 10 rounds at the

minimum weight (15 % below maximum), increase charge

weights by 0.2 grains and ire another 10 rounds. Repeat this

procedure, if necessary, until you reach, but do not exceed,

An electrical spark or the sparks from welding,

grinding, etc..

For this reason, the Department of Transportation (formerly

Interstate Commerce Commission) sets speciications for

shipping containers for propellants and requires tests for

loaded containers - under actual ire conditions - before

approving them for use.

Heat from an electric hot plate or a ire directed

Therefore it is essential that the reloader be well versed in

the methods of carefully working up a reload powder charge

in small increments as outlined in the various reloading

handbooks that are available from reliable sources. The data

in this book is not intended for use by persons not thoroughly

versed in such procedures.

or near a closed container even if the powder itself

is not exposed to the lame.

When smokeless powder burns, a great deal of gas at high

temperature is formed. If the powder is conined, this gas will

create pressure in the surrounding structure. The rate of gas

generation is such, however, that the pressure can be kept at a

low level if suficient space is available or if the gas can escape.

When smokeless powder in D.O.T. approved containers is

ignited during such tests, container seams split open or lids

pop off - to release gases and powder from coninement at

low pressure.

This guide should be supplemented by a good reloading

handbook such as the Lapua Reloading Manual, the DBI

Metallic Cartridge Reloading, the Vihtavuori Reloading Manual

or other recognized manuals that may offer all appropriate

information.

In this respect smokeless powder differs from blasting agents

or high explosives such as dynamite or blasting gelatin,

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