Programming_Actionscript_3.pdf

PROGRAMMING ACTIONSCRIPT

™

3.0

Programming ActionScript™ 3.0

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Contents

About this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Using this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Accessing ActionScript documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ActionScript learning resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 1: Introduction to ActionScript 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

About ActionScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Advantages of ActionScript 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

What’s new in ActionScript 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Core language features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Flash Player API features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Compatibility with previous versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Chapter 2: Getting started with ActionScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Programming fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

What computer programs do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Variables and constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Working with objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Basic event handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Examining the event-handling process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Event-handling examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Creating object instances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Common program elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Example: Animation portfolio piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Building applications with ActionScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Options for organizing your code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Choosing the right tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

The ActionScript development process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Creating your own classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Strategies for designing a class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Writing the code for a class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Suggestions for organizing your classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Example: Creating a basic application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Running subsequent examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Chapter 3: ActionScript language and syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Language overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Objects and classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Packages and namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Type checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Dynamic classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Data type descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Type conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Basic function concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Function parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Functions as objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Function scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Chapter 4: Object-oriented programming in ActionScript . . . . . 137

Basics of object-oriented programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Class definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Class property attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Enumerations with classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Embedded asset classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Advanced topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Example: GeometricShapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Chapter 5: Working with dates and times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Basics of dates and times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Managing calendar dates and times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Controlling time intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Example: Simple analog clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Chapter 6: Working with strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Basics of strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Creating strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

The length property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Working with characters in strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Comparing strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Obtaining string representations of other objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Concatenating strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Finding substrings and patterns in strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

Converting strings between uppercase and lowercase . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Example: ASCII art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

Chapter 7: Working with arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Basics of arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Indexed arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Associative arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Multidimensional arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Cloning arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Advanced topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Example: PlayList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Chapter 8: Handling errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Basics of error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Types of errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Error handling in ActionScript 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

ActionScript 3.0 error-handling elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Error-handling strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Working with the debugger version of Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Handling synchronous errors in an application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Creating custom error classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Responding to error events and status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

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