Davis T - Chemistry of Powder and Explosives.pdf
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Pobierz
The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives OCR:ed
The Chemistry of
Powder and Explosives
BY
TENNEY
L. DAVIS,
PH
.
D
.
Emeritus Professor of Organic Chemistry
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Director of Research and Development
National Fireworks, Inc.
COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME
PAGES
1-100
COPYRIGHTED
AS
VOLUME
I, 1941
BY
TENNEY
L.
DAVIS
PAGES 191-458 COPYRIGHTED AS VOLUME II, 1943
BY
TENNEY
L.
DAVI
S
Chapter
CONTENTS PAGE
I
PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
....................................... 1
Definition ................................................................ 1
Classification of Explosives. ................................... 2
A Complete Round of Ammunition ......................... 6
Propagation of Explosion........................................ 10
Detonating Fuse ..................................................... 11
Velocity of Detonation............................................ 14
Munroe Effect......................................................... 18
Sensitivity Tests .................................................... 21
Tests of Explosive Power and Brisance ................. 23
II
BLACK POWDER
.......................................................... 28
Introduction ........................................................... 28
Berthold Schwarz ................................................... 29
Boerhaave on Black Powder .................................. 29
Greek Fire .............................................................. 32
Marcus Graecus...................................................... 34
Roger Bacon........................................................... 35
Development of Black Powder............................... 39
Burning of Black Powder ....................................... 42
Uses of Black Powder............................................. 43
Manufacture........................................................... 45
Analysis .................................................................. 47
Blasting Powder..................................................... 48
Ammonpulver. ....................................................... 49
Other Related Propellent Explosives...................... 50
III
PYROTECHNICS
........................................................... 52
Introduction ........................................................... 52
Development of Pyrotechnic Mixtures ................... 53
Colored Lights ........................................................ 63
Railway Fusees....................................................... 65
Scratch Mixture...................................................... 68
Marine Signals ........................................................ 66
Parade Torches..................................................... 67
Aluminum and Magnesium Flares ......................... 68
Lances ..................................................................... 69
Picrate Compositions.............................................. 70
Picrate Whistles ..................................................... 72
Non-Picrate Whistles.............................................. 73
Rockets ................................................................... 73
Roman Candles ...................................................... 79
Stars ....................................................................... 81
Gerbs ...................................................................... 89
Fountains ............................................................... 90
Wheels .................................................................... 91
Saxons .................................................................... 92
Pinwheels................................................................ 93
Mines ..................................................................... 97
Comets and Meteors .............................................. 98
Bombshells. ............................................................ 100
Maroons ................................................................. 104
Toy Caps ............................................................... 105
Silver Torpedoes .................................................... 106
Japanese Torpedoes ............................................... 107
Globe Torpedoes .................................................... 108
Railway Torpedoes................................................. 109
English Crackers or Grasshoppers.......................... 1ll
Chinese Firecrackers ................................................. 112
Flash Cracker Composition .................................. 117
Sparklers ............................................................... 117
Wire Dips and Colored Fire Sticks ....................... 119
Pharaoh's Serpents................................................ 119
Black Non-Mercury Snakes .................................. 120
Smokes. ................................................................. 122
IV
AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
................................. 125
Introduction .......................................................... 125
Effect of Groups on Further Substitution ............. 127
Utilization of Coal Tar.......................................... 129
Effect of Substituents on Explosive Strength........ 132
Mono- and Di-nitrobenzene .................................. 133
Trinitrobenzene...................................................... 134
Nitration of Chlorobenzene ................................... 140
Trinitrotoluene....................................................... 141
Trinitroxylene ........................................................ 153
Nitro Derivatives of Naphthalene ......................... 154
Hexanitrobiphenyl................................................. 158
Picric Acid ............................................................. 159
Ammonium Picrate................................................ 167
Guanidine Picrate .................................................. 168
Trinitrocresol ......................................................... 169
Trinitroresorcinol................................................... 169
Trinitroanisol and Trinitrophenetol ....................... 169
Trinitroaniline ....................................................... 173
Tetranitroaniline.................................................... 173
Tetryl ..................................................................... 175
Ethyl Tetryl .......................................................... 183
Butyl Tetryl .......................................................... 183
Hexanitrodiphenylamine ....................................... 184
Hexanitrodiphenyl Sulfide ..................................... 187
Hexanitrodiphenyl Sulfone .................................... 187
Hexanitro-oxanilide ................................................ 188
Hexanitrocarbanilide.............................................. 188
Hexanitroazobenzene............................................. 189
V
NITRIC ESTERS
......................................................... 191
Methyl Nitrate ...................................................... 192
Other Alkyl Nitrates ............................................. 194
Nitroglycerin ......................................................... 195
Dinitroglycerin.......................................................214
Mononitroglycerin ................................................. 218
Nitroglycide ........................................................... 218
Dinitrochlorohydrin............................................... 220
Tetranitrodiglycerin .............................................. 222
Nitroglycol ............................................................. 223
Dinitrodiglycol ....................................................... 226
Trinitrophenoxyethyl Nitrate ................................ 227
Nitration of Ethylene ............................................ 228
Pentryl ................................................................. ..229
Hexanitrodiphenylaminoethyl Nitrate .................. 232
Trimethylene Glycol Dinitrate.............................. 233
Propylene Glycol Dinitrate ................................... 234
Butylene Glycol Dinitrate..................................... 235
Nitroerythrite........................................................ 235
Nitromannite ......................................................... 236
Nitrodulcite ........................................................... 238
Nitrosorbite ........................................................... 238
Nitrated Sugar Mixtures ...................................... 238
Nitroarabinose ........................................................ 240
Nitroglucose ............................................................ 241
Nitromannose ......................................................... 241
Nitromaltose ........................................................... 241
Nitrolactose ............................................................ 241
Nitrosucrose ............................................................ 242
Other Nitrosugars ................................................... 242
Early History of Nitrated Carbohydrates ............... 244
Nitrocellulose........................................................... 256
Determination of Nitrogen ...................................... 269
Nitrostarch.............................................................. 273
Utilization of Formaldehyde .................................... 276
Pentaerythrite Tetranitrate..................................... 278
Dipentaerythrite Hexanitrate .................................. 281
Trimethylolnitromethane Trinitrate ........................ 283
Nitropentanone and Related Substances ................. 285
VI
SMOKELESS POWDER
................................................... 287
Bulk Powder ........................................................... 287
Early History of Colloided Powders ........................ 292
Classification of Colloided Nitrocellulose Powders.. 297
Manufacture of Single-Base Powder ........................ 299
Stabilizers ................................................................ 307
Transformations of Diphenylamine During Aging of
Powder............................................. ,.................. 311
Absorption of Moisture ........................................... 313
Control of Rate of Burning ..................................... 317
Gelatinizing Agents ................................................. 320
Flashless Charges and Flashlesa Powder.................. 322
Ball-Grain Powder .................................................. 328
VII
DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH EXPLOSIVES
................. 331
Invention of Dynamite............................................ 331
Invention of Ammonium Nitrate Explosives ........... 335
Guhr Dynamite....................................................... 336
Straight Dynamite .................................................. 338
Blasting Gelatin...................................................... 343
Gelatin Dynamite ................................................... 344
Permissible Explosives................................................ 346
Sprengel Explosives.................................................... 353
Liquid Oxygen Explosives .......................................... 355
Chlorate and Perchlorate Explosives........................ 357
Ammonium Nitrate Military Explosives.................. 367
VIII
NlTROAMINES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES ....................... 369
Nitroamide .................................................................. 369
Methylnitramine ......................................................... 371
Urea Nitrate................................................................ 372
Nitrourea .....................................................................373
Guanidine Nitrate....................................................... 374
Nitroguanidine ............................................................ 380
Nitrosoguanidine......................................................... 391
Ethylenedinitramine ................................................... 393
Dinitrodimethyloxamide ............................................ 394
Dinitrodimethylsulfamide .......................................... 395]
Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine................................... 396
IX
PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES
,
DETONATORS
,
AND PRIMERS
. .. 400
Discovery of Fulminating Compounds ..................... 400
Mercury Fulminate ..................................................... 405
Silver Fulminate.......................................................... 412
Detonators ................................................................... 413
Testing of Detonators ................................................ 421
Lead Azide ................................................................... 424
Silver Azide.................................................................. 430
Cyanuric Triazdde........................................................ 432
Trinitrotriazidobenzene .............................................. 436
Nitrogen Sulfide ___ ,.................................................. 438
Lead Styphnate ........................................................... 440
Diazonium Salts .......................................................... 441
Diazodinitrophenol ...................................................... 443
Tetracene...................................................................... 446
Hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine ............................. 451
Friction Primers ..........................................................453
Percussion Primers......................................................454
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
.................................................................... 476
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