FM 90-10 Military Operations On Urban Terrain (MOUT).pdf

Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)

FM 90-10

Headquarters

Department of Army

Washington, DC, 15 August 1979

FM 90-10

Military Operations

on Urbanized Terrain

(MOUT)

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1... INTRODUCTION

Urbanization

Characteristics of Urban Warfare

CHAPTER 2... OFFENSE

How the Enemy Defends

Planning the Attack

The Offensive Battle

Corps

Division

Brigade

Battalion Task Force

CHAPTER 3... DEFENSE. How the Enemy Attacks

Planning the Defense

The Defensive Battle

Corps

Division

Brigade

Battalion Task Force

CHAPTER 4... COMBAT SUPPORT

Field Artillery

Engineer

Army Aviation

Tactical Air

Air Defense

Military Police

Chemical

Communications

CHAPTER 5... COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

Support Organization

Logistical Functions

Noncombatants

Civil Affairs Operations

Refugee Control

APPENDIX A... Urban Terrain Analysis

APPENDIX B... Weapons Effects And Employment

APPENDIX C... How To Select And Prepare Defensive Positions In Built Up Areas

APPENDIX D... Employment Of Obstacles And Mines In Built Up Areas

APPENDIX E... Demolitions. APPENDIX F... Armored Forces In Built Up Area

APPENDIX G... How To Attack And Clear Building

APPENDIX H... References And International Agreements.

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Tactical doctrine stresses that urban combat operations are conducted only when required and

that built-up areas are isolated and bypassed rather than risking a costly, time-consuming

operation in this difficult environment. Adherence to these precepts, though valid, is becoming

increasingly difficult as urban sprawl changes the face of the battlefield. The acronym MOUT

(Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain) classifies those military actions planned and

conducted on a terrain complex where manmade construction impacts on the tactical options

available to commanders. Commanders must treat the elements of urban sprawl as terrain and

know how this terrain affects the capabilities of their units and weapons. They must understand

the advantages and disadvantages urbanization offers and its effects on tactical operations.

Urban combat operations may be conducted in order to capitalize on the strategic or tactical

advantages which possession or control of a particular urban area gives or to deny these

advantages to the enemy.

Major urban areas represent the power and wealth of a particular country in the form of

industrial bases, transportation complexes, economic institutions, and political and cultural

centers. The denial or capture of these centers may yield decisive psychological advantages that

frequently determine the success or failure of the larger conflict. Villages and small towns will

often be caught up in the battle because of their proximity to major avenues of approach or

because they are astride lines of communications that are vital to sustaining ground combat

operations.

During offensive operations, commanders must seek to achieve a favorable mobility differential

over the defender, to retain momentum, and to avoid a protracted and costly urban battle.

Built-up areas are obstacles to maneuver; hence, isolation and bypass, which neutralize their

value to the defender, are the goals of urban offensive operations.

Conversely, the defender must seek to integrate the elements of urban sprawl into his defensive

scheme to slow, block, or canalize the attacker and enhance weapon effectiveness.

The attack or defense of a built-up area should be undertaken only when significant tactical or

strategic advantage accrues through its seizure or control.

Urbanization is a complex, multifaceted process influenced by many factors including a nation's

cultural development, its economic resources, and its industrial capacity. Although its form

varies from region to region, urbanization is characterized by a general pattern of changes in

land usage and the spread of manmade features across natural terrain.

Tactical terrain analysis has traditionally considered some elements of the urban environment

such as the allocation of land to agriculture or forestry and the distribution of railway or road

networks. However, the focus has been on natural terrain elements. In Europe and other

urbanized areas of the world, increased awareness of the effects of manmade features on the

overall tactical scheme is necessary. How urban terrain elements impact on operations is an

important consideration in determining our tactical options.

For the small-unit tactical commander, the physical layout of a buildup area and structural

characteristics of its buildings are critical planning considerations. Appendix A provides a

detailed discussion of these factors and the combat characteristics of various types of built-up

areas for offensive and defensive operations. For commanders at battalion level and above, the

size of a built-up area, the support network of lines of communication, and the urban pattern

formed by a complex of built-up areas assume added importance.

BUILT-UP AREAS

The following discussion uses the central European setting to describe these aspects of urbanization.

With minor modifications, it is applicable to other urban areas throughout the world.

A built-up area is a concentration of structures, facilities, and population which form the economic

and cultural focus for the surrounding area. There are four categories:

Large Cities

(Population Greater than 100,000.)

Most typical of the urbanization process is the increasing number of large and still-growing large

cities. In Europe, other than the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), there are approximately

375 cities with populations in excess of 100,000. The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has 49

cities with populations exceeding 100,000 and 4 cities of over 1 million. Large cities frequently form

the core of a larger, densely populated urban complex consisting of the city, its suburban areas, and

small towns. Such complexes have the appearance of a single, large, and continuous city containing

millions of people and occupying vast areas of land. The illustration on the following page depicts

major complexes that exist in FRG. The Rhine-Ruhr complex stretches west to Aachen and south to

Bonn and contains over 12.5 million people concentrated in 13,000 square kilometers. The Rhine-

Main complex includes Frankfurt Darmstadt, Mainz, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe; it contains over 5

million people in 7,000 square kilometers. To the southeast, greater Stuttgart (2 million people in

3,000 square kilometers) will soon merge with Rhine-Main. These urban centers encompass 10

percent of FRG's total land area and approximately one-half of its total population.

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