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76016444 UNPDF
System Administration Guide, Volume I
2550 Garcia Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043
U.S.A.
A Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business
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1995 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 U.S.A.
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distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or related documentation may be reproduced in any form by any
means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any.
Portions of this product may be derived from the UNIX ® and Berkeley 4.3 BSD systems, licensed from UNIX System
Laboratories, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Novell, Inc., and the University of California, respectively. Third-party font
software in this product is protected by copyright and licensed from Sun’s font suppliers.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to the restrictions
set forth in DFARS 252.227-7013 (c)(1)(ii) and FAR 52.227-19.
The product described in this manual may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications.
TRADEMARKS
Sun, the Sun logo, Sun Microsystems, SunSoft, the SunSoft logo, Solaris, SunOS, OpenWindows, DeskSet, ONC, ONC+, NFS,
Solstice, and AutoClient are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and certain other
countries. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open
Company, Ltd. OPEN LOOK is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc. PostScript and Display PostScript are trademarks of
Adobe Systems, Inc. All other product names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners.
All SPARC trademarks, including the SCD Compliant Logo, are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International,
Inc. SPARCstation, SPARCserver, SPARCengine, SPARCstorage, SPARCware, SPARCcenter, SPARCclassic, SPARCcluster,
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Microsystems, Inc.
The OPEN LOOK ® and Sun™ Graphical User Interfaces were developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees.
Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user
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which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license
agreements.
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THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
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Contents
Finding System and Network Administration Information . . . . . . . xliii
About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii
Part 1 —Managing User Accounts and Groups
1. Overview of Managing User Accounts and Groups . . . . . . . .
3
What Are User Accounts and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Guidelines for Managing User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Name Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
User (Login) Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
User ID Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Password Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Home Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
The User’s Work Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Guidelines for Managing Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
iii
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What You Can Do With User Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Mount Home Directories Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Add New Users Quickly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Set Default Settings for Adding Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Modify User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Delete User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Add Customized User Initialization Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Administer Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Disable User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
What You Can’t Do With User Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
What You Can Do With Group Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Where User Account and Group Information Is Stored . . . . . .
17
Fields in the Password File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Fields in the Shadow File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Fields in the Group File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Customizing a User’s Work Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Use Site Initialization Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Avoid Local System References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Shell Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Shell Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
The PATH Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
The Locale Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Default File Permissions ( umask ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Examples of User and Site Initialization Files . . . . . . . . . . .
33
iv
System Administration Guide, Volume I — November 1995
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Example—Site Initialization File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
2. Setting Up and Maintaining User Accounts and Groups . . .
37
Setting Up User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
User Information Data Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
t
How to Customize User Initialization Files . . . . . . . . . .
41
t
How to Start Group Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
t
How to Add a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
t
How to Start User Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
t
How to Set Up User Account Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
t
How to Add a New User Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
t
How to Copy an Existing User Account. . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
t
How to Share a User’s Home Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
t
How to Mount a User’s Home Directory . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
Maintaining User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
t
How to Modify a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
t
How to Delete a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
t
How to Modify a User Account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
t
How to Disable a User Account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
t
How to Change a User’s Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
t
How to Change Password Aging for a User Account. .
66
t
How to Delete a User Account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Part 2 —Managing Server and Client Support
3. Overview of Managing Server and Client Support . . . . . . . .
71
What Are Servers and Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Contents
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