Immunology For Life Scientists - Eales.pdf

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Front Matter
IMMUNOLOGY
for Life Scientists
SECOND EDITION
LESLEY-JANE EALES
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Copyright u 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
Telephone (+44) 1243 779777
First Edition published 1997
Reprinted October 1997, January 1999, May 2001
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Eales, Lesley-Jane.
Immunology for life scientists / Lesley-Jane Eales. – 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-470-84523-6 (cloth : alk. paper) – ISBN 0-470-84524-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Immunology. 2. Immunopathology. 3. Immunity. I. Title.
QR181.E24 2003
616.07 ’ 9–dc21
2003050184
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 470 84523 6
ISBN 0 470 84524 4 (pbk)
Typeset in Times 11/13pt by Dobbie Typesetting Ltd, Tavistock, Devon
Printed and bound in Great Britain by T J International, Padstow, Cornwall
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in
which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
DEDICATION
For my dad who gave me patience and for Scott who
taught me the skills
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CONTENTS
Preface to the 2nd edition
xvii
Preface to the 1st edition
xix
Glossary
xxi
1 Cells and tissues of the immune system
1
1.1 Cells involved in the immune response
1
1.1.1 Cellular origins – the pluripotent stem cell
2
1.1.2 Cells principally involved in the innate immune response
4
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
4
Neutrophils
4
Eosinophils
5
Basophils and mast cells
6
Megakaryocytes and platelets
9
1.1.3 Antigen presenting cells and large granular lymphocytes
10
Monocytes and macrophages
10
Dendritic cells
11
Large granular lymphocytes
12
1.1.4 Cells involved in the specific immune response
13
Lymphocytes
13
Tcells
15
Bcells
16
Key points for review
18
1.2 Lymphoid tissues
18
1.2.1 Primary lymphoid tissues
19
The thymus
19
Mammalian ‘‘bursa equivalents’’
21
B cell development in the bone marrow
21
1.2.2 Secondary lymphoid tissues
21
Thelymphaticsystem
21
Lymph nodes
23
Spleen
24
1.2.3 Tertiary lymphoid tissues
24
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
24
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
25
Key points for review
25
Bibliography
26
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viii
CONTENTS
Now test yourself !
26
2 Antigens and their receptors
29
2.1 Characteristics of antigens and immunogens
30
2.1.1 Factors affecting immunogenicity
30
Foreignness
30
Size
31
Chemical complexity
31
Route of administration
31
Dose
31
Host genetic make-up
32
Approaches used to increase immunogenicity
32
Key points for review
33
2.2 The major histocompatibility complex
33
2.2.1 Class I MHC molecules
35
2.2.2 Class II MHC molecules
37
2.2.3 Non-classical HLA molecules
39
Key points for review
39
2.3 Antigen receptors on cells
40
2.3.1 The B cell antigen receptor
40
Immunoglobulins
41
Antibody structure
42
Isotypes
44
Allotypes
45
Idiotypes
45
2.3.2 Antibody classes
46
Immunoglobulin G
46
Immunoglobulin M
46
Immunoglobulin A
47
Immunoglobulin D
49
Immunoglobulin E
49
2.3.3 Antibody function
49
2.3.4 Fc receptors
50
2.3.5 The T cell antigen receptor
50
gdTcells
52
The CD3 complex
52
Function of the TCR-CD3 complex
54
2.3.6 The natural killer cell receptor
55
Key points for review
56
2.4 Generation of antigen receptor diversity
57
2.4.1 Theories concerning antibody diversity
57
2.4.2 The genetic basis of antibody diversity
58
V, D and J region heavy chain genes
58
The light chain V and J genes
59
2.4.3 Generation of antibody diversity
59
Combinatorial and junctional diversity
60
Control of VDJ gene rearrangement
61
Mechanisms of V(D)J rearrangement
61

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