Linguistics final exam
1. what are definitions to language according to Chomsky and structuralism.
Chomsky: ?
Grammar rules are limited sentences arent limited.
2. what do you know when you know a language(your L1). What are the aspects of knowing the language
aspects:
-words consonant clasters (skl-)
-grammar
-pronunciation and accent
3. what are the properties of language
there are some unic properties specific for humans
-displacement- ability for human to talk about things not only from present but from future and past
-discretness- two sounds (p,b) have no meanign but when they are put into words(pack back) they produce a meaning
-duality- 2 levels of sound (n, i , p) we can produce nip or pin animals cant (woof, foow)
-cultural transmission- ability to develop language passes from generesion to generation , we born with ability to deelop language
-productiviti- ability to create new words new meaning sentences which humans heard never before.
-arbitrairiness- a ling form (spoken or writen) relationship between form and meaning
4. difference between human and animals comunication
5. what is the difference between competence and performance
Competence- you know rules and words
Performance- even if you know the rules you can make many mistakes when you are in stress
6. theories of language origin
- bow wow- calling objects by the sound they make
- yo-heave-ho – to make a sound to move sth
- pooh-pooh- expressing feelings
- oral gesture theorie- in the beginig there were gestures then they turned into special movemetns of mouth and body and sound developed
- divine theorie- god gave language to people
7. the subsystems of language
- phonology- about sounds
- morphology- study of words
- syntax- study of sentences
- semantics- study of meanings
8. the structures and function of the human brain
grey matter:
white matter:
the 2 hemispherers
Broca`s area- they are in left hemisphere, respnsible for speach production
Wernica`s area- in right hemisphere? Responsible for understanding
Language as a left-hemisphere phenomeon-
split-brain patient-, person with cut (to co łaczy) cant say and object which he holds in left hand , but he can say an object whihc he holds in right hand.
Dichotic linguistic test- Stero headphones. The left one says dog , the right one says cat. First a person will hear cat beacause the way from right ear to left hemishpers is shorter.
Lateralization- when we are born our 2 hemispheres are responsible for lingusitics sounds at the age of 10 the left one becomes the only one which is responsible for these sounds.
Types of aphasia-
Broca`s- problems with articulation, a person says a word then another which is not realted to the first one.
Vernicas- problem with understanding –
Global- problem with understanidng and speach production. Such people produce only sounds.
9. the scope of phonetics
- articulatory- how speach and sounds are produced
- auditory- how sounds are recieved by a listener
- acoustic- physics properties of sounds
10. The structure of the vocal tract
11. the air stream mechanism in English
Egressive – the air gous out.
12. The properties of voiced and voicless sounds
13. The properties of nasal and oral sounds.
14. places and manners of articulation
15. vowel and consonants
16. phonetics features.
Natural classes of sounds: labodental, stops, alveolar, africats, fricatives, nasals
, free variation and complimentary distribution
17. phoneme- ideal sound like /t/0
phone-
allophone – variation of ideal sound like /th/
18. minimal pair and set
minimal par- two pairs like need weed. Minimal set more words like pit kit, lit
19. spelling vs pronunciation
20. phonoligical rules and phenomia asimilation(devocing, nasalizaion of vawels, velarization of l) elision(+silent letters), methathesis,
aspiration- in order to say accented sounds p, k, t, we must blow more air. Without blowing they may be taen as b, g, d
homogenic nasal rule
21. language creativity in English
22. Morpheme- the smallest minigful unit
Allomoprh- 1 morphem can be represented by 2 allomorphemes like {a} – {a, an}
Problematic morphemes(bound steme)- morpheme which cannot exist by its own, only in a word for instance -cran
Portmanteau morphemes- they express more than 1 grammar category
23. Division of morphemes in English
24. types of affixes in language. Root and stem
stem- form to which add affixes (voiceless+ness)
Root- indivisible form to which we add affixes (voice+less)
25. classes of words:
simple vs complex- short, cannot be divided(forest), complex- long can be divided- (forestation)
minior vs major ninor- conjanction, prepositions, articles. Major- those which have meaning.
lexiacal categories-noun, verb, etc
function/content- function – do did, have, does, content- with meaning
open/close claases open can develop, close cannot
26. word formation process
- contemporary- A+B=C nightdress
-derivation- We add affixes to the root in order to get some word use+less= useless
-clipping cutting part of word. Sister- sis, doctor- doc.
-blending- creating a new word from beginign of one and ending of second smoke-fog= smog
-back formation- creating verb out of nouns by cutting affix election- elect
-borrowing- take a word from another language –zebra , alkohol
-loan translation- translate directly a word into language
-conversion- changing lexical category- water- to water
-acronyms- using inital leters instead of whole word – laser , robot
-misformation- words that have been mistaken like humburger.
27. the definition of syntax. Language creativity connected to syntax
study of sentences.
28. sentences/phrase structure and ambiguity: foreign car mechnic, new doctores and nursues, Nelly hit the man with umbrealla
29. PS rules the structure of phrases/sentences, substittion tests, recursion
30. Generative-transformatinal grammar, PS rules, subcategoration, lexical, insertion rules, transformations, Wh-movemnt, partcicle movement, inversion, passivization, adverbial clause movement, reflexive transformation, inmperative transformation
31. generarive grammar vs X-bar theory: flat and layered tree diagrams
32. deep vs surface structure(representing movement on a phrase marker)
33. the scope of semantics
34. lexical relations amog words, antonymy
synonymy
antonymy- gradable(short-tall, non gradable(dead alive)relational reversives(buy sell)
homonymy –words whihc means has same spelling but diffrent meaning
homophonmy-same prenonuciation
polysemy
metonymy-hehe wiem :P
prototype –to co sie skojarzy jak sie cos powie ptak- wrobel
hoponym-meaning of a word including in the meaning of anothoer blackbird- bird
35. theories of semantics, semandtic decomposition, theta theory, extension and intention of w word.
Ylayda