Prose Edda.pdf

Preface

THE YOUNGER EDDA:

ALSO CALLED

SNORRE'S EDDA, OR THE PROSE EDDA.

AN ENGLISH VERSION OF THE FOREWARD; THE FOOLING OF

GYLFE, THE AFTERWORD; BRAGE'S TALK, THE AFTER-

WORD TO BRAGE'S TALK, AND THE IMPORTANT

PASSAGES IN THE POETICAL DICTION

(SKALDSKAPARMAL)

WITH AN

INTRODUCTION, NOTES, VOCABULARY, AND INDEX.

BY RASMUS B. ANDERSON, LL. D.,

FORMERLY PROFESSER OF THE SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

WISCONSIN, EX-U.S. MINISTER TO DENMARK, AUTHOR OF "AMERICA

NOT DISCOVERED BY COLUMBUS," "NORSE MYTHOLOGY,"

"VIKING TALES OF THE NORTH," ETC.

CHICAGO:

SCOTT, FORESMAN & CO.

1897.

PREFACE

In the beginning, before the heaven and the earth and the sea were created, the great abyss

Ginungagap was without form and void, and the spirit of Fimbultyr moved upon the face of

the deep, until the ice-cold rivers, the Elivogs, flowing from Niflheim, came in contact with

the dazzling flames from Muspelheim. This was before Chaos.

And Fimbultyr said: Let the melted drops of vapor quicken into life, and the giant Ymer

was born in the midst of Ginungagap. He was not a god, but the father of all the race of evil

giants. This was Chaos.

And Fimbultyr said: Let Ymer be slain and let order be established. And straightway

Odin and his brothers---the bright sons of Bure---gave Ymer a mortal wound, and from his

body made they the universe; from his flesh, the earth; from his blood, the sea; from his

bones, the rocks; from his hair, the trees; from his skull, the vaulted heavens; from his eye-

brows, the bulwark called Midgard. And the gods formed man and women in their own image

of two trees, and breathed into them the breath of life. Ask and Embla became living souls,

and they received a garden in Midgard as a dwelling-place for themselves and their children

until the end of time. This was Cosmos.

The gods themselves dwelt in Asgard. Some of them were of the mighty Asa-race:

Valfather Odin, and Frigg his Queen; Thor, the master of Mjolner; Balder, the good; the one-

handed Tyr; Brage, the song-smith. Idun having the youth-giving apples, and Heimdal, the

watcher of Asgard. Others were mild and gentle vans: Njord, Frey, and Freyja, the goddess of

love; but in the midst of Asgard in daily intercourse with the gods, the serpent Loke, the

friend of giants, winded his slimy coils.

To these gods our Teutonic ancestors offered sacrifices, to them prayers ascended, and

from them came such blessings as each god found it proper to bestow. Most of all were these

gods worshiped on the battle-field, for there was the home of the Teuton. There he lived and

there he hoped some day to die; for if the norns, the weavers of fate, permitted him to fall

sword in hand, then would he not descend to the shades of Hel, but be carried in valkyrian

arms up to Valhal, where a new life would be granted unto him, or better, where he would

continue his earthly life in intercourse with the gods.

Happy gatherings at the banquet, where the flowing mead-horn was passed freely round,

and where words of wisdom and wit abounded, or martial games with sharp swords and

spears, were the delight of the asas. Under the ash Ygdrasil they met in council, and if they

ever appeared outside of the walls of Asgard, it was to go on errands of love, or to make war

on the giants, their enemies from the beginning. Especially did Thor seldom sit still when he

heard rumors of giants; with his heavy hammer, Mjolner, he slew Hrungner and the Midgard-

serpent, gave Thrym and all that race of giants bloody bridal-gifts in Freyja's garments, and

frightened the juggler Loki, of Utgard, who had to resort to his black art for safety. Thus lived

the gods in heaven very much like their worshipers on earth, excepting that Idun's apples ever

preserved them fresh and youthful.

But Loke, the serpent, was in the midst of them. Frigg's heart was filled with gloomy

forebodings in regard to Balder, her beloved son, and her mind could not find rest until all

things that could harm him had sworn not to injure Balder. Now they had nothing to fear for

the best god, and with perfect abandon and security they themselves made him serve as a

mark, and hurled darts, stones and other weapons at him, whom nothing could scathe. But the

serpent Loke was more subtle than any one within or without Asgard, whom Fimbultyr had

made; and he came to Hoder, the blind god, put the tender mistletoe in his hand and directed

his arm, so that Balder sank from the joys of Valhal down into the abodes of pale Hel, and did

not return. Loke is bound and tortured, but innocence has departed from Asgard; among men

there are bloody wars; brothers slay brothers; sensual sins grow huge; perjury has taken the

place of truth. The elements themselves become discordant, and then comes the great Fimbul-

winter, with its howling storms and terrible snow, that darkens the air and takes all gladness

from the sun.

The world's last day approaches. All bonds and fetters that bound the forces of heaven

and earth together are severed, and the powers of good and of evil are brought together in an

internecine feud. Loke advances with the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent, his own

children, with all the hosts of the giants, and with Surt, who flings fire and flame over the

world. Odin advances with all the asas and all the blessed einherjes. They meet, contend, and

fall. The wolf swallows Odin, but Vidar, the Silent, sets his foot upon the monster's lower

jaw, he seizes the other with his hand, and thus rends him till he dies. Frey encounters Surt,

and terrible blows are given ere Frey falls. Heimdal and Loke fight and kill each other, and so

do Tyr and the dog Garm from the Gnipa Cave. Asa-Thor fells the Midgard-serpent with his

Mjolner, but he retreats only nine paces when he himself falls dead, suffocated by the

serpent's venom. Then smoke wreathes up around the ash Ygdrasil, the high flames play

against the heavens, the graves of the gods, of the giants and of men are swallowed up by the

sea, and the end has come. This is Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods.

But the radiant dawn follows the night. The earth, completely green, rises again from the

sea, and where the mews have but just been rocking on restless waves, rich fields unplowed

and unsown, now wave their golden harvests before the gentle breezes. The asas awake to a

new life, Balder is with them again. Then comes the mighty Fimbultyr, the god who is from

everlasting to everlasting; the god whom the Edda skald dared not name. The god of gods

comes to the asas. He comes to the great judgment and gathers all the good into Gimle to

dwell there forever, and evermore delights enjoy; but the perjurers and murderers and

adulterers he sends to Nastrand, that terrible hall, to be torn by Nidhug until they are purged

from their wickedness. This is Regeneration.

These are the outlines of the Teutonic Religion. Such were the doctrines established by

Odin among our ancestors. Thus do we find it recorded in the Eddas of Iceland.

The present volume contains all of the Younger Edda that can possibly be of any

importance to English readers. In fact, it gives more than has ever before been presented in

any translation into English, German or any of the modern Scandinavian tongues.

We would recommend our readers to omit the Forewords and Afterwards until they have

perused the Fooling of Gylfe and Brage's Speech. The Forewards and Afterwards, it will

readily be seen, are written by a later and less skillful hand, and we should be sorry to have

anyone lay the book aside and lose the pleasure of reading Snorre's and Olaf's charming work,

because he became disgusted with what seemed to him mere silly twaddle. And yet these

Forewards and Afterwards become interesting enough when taken up in connection with a

study of the historical anthropomophized Odin. With a view of giving a pretty complete

outline of the founder of the Teutonic race we have in our notes given all the Heimskringla

sketch of the Black Sea Odin. We have done this, not only on account of the material it

furnishes as the groundwork of a Teutonic epic, which we trust the muses will ere long direct

some one to write, but also on account of the vivid picture it gives of Teutonic life as shaped

and controlled by the Odinic faith.

All the poems quoted in the Younger Edda have in this edition been traced back to their

sources in the Elder Edda and elsewhere.

Where the notes seem to the reader insufficient, we must refer him to our Norse

Mythology, where he will, we trust, find much of the additional information he may desire.

Well aware that our work has many imperfections, and begging our readers to deal

generously with our shortcomings, we send the book out into the world with the hope that it

may aid some young son or daughter of Odin to find his way to the fountains of Urd and

Mimir and to Idun's rejuvenating apples. The son must not squander, but husband wisely,

what his father has accumulated. The race must cherish and hold fast and add to the thought

that the past has bequeathed to it. Thus does it grow greater and richer with each new

generation. The past is the mirror that reflects the future.

R. B. ANDERSON

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Madison, Wis., September, 1879.

Introduction

Page (1)

The records of our Teutonic past have hitherto received but slight attention from the

English-speaking branch of the great world-ash Ygdrasil. This indifference is the more

deplorable, since a knowledge of our heroic forefathers would naturally operate as a most

powerful means of keeping alive among us, and our posterity, that spirit of courage, enterprise

and independence for which the old Teutons were so distinguished.

The religion of our ancestors forms an important chapter in the history of the childhood

of our race, and this fact has induced us to offer the public an English translation of the Eddas.

The purely mythological portion of the Elder Edda was translated and published by A.S.

Cottle, in Bristol, in 1797, and the whole work was translated by Benjamin Thorpe, and

published in London in 1866. Both these works are now out of print. Of the Younger Edda we

have likewise had two translations into English,---the first by Dasent in 1842, the second by

Blackwell, in his edition of Mallet's Northern Antiquities in 1847. The former has long been

out of print, the latter is a poor imitation of Dasent's. Both of them are very incomplete. These

four books constitute all the Edda literature we have had in the English language, excepting of

course, single lays and chapters translated by Gray, Henderson, W. Taylor, Herbert, Jamieson,

Pigott, William and Mary Howitt, and others.

The Younger Edda (also called Snorre's Edda, or the Prose Edda), of which we now have

the pleasure of presenting our readers an English version, contains, as usually published in the

original, the following divisions:

1. The Foreword.

2. Gylfaginning (The Fooling of Gylfe).

3. The Afterword to Gylfaginning.

4. Brage's Speech.

5. The Afterword.

6. Skaldskaparmal (a collection of poetic paraphrases, and

denominations in Skaldic language without paraphrases).

7. Hattatal (an enumeration of metres; a sort of Clavis Metrica).

In some editions there are also found six additional chapters on the alphabet, grammer,

figures of speech, etc.

There are three important parchment manuscripts of the Younger Edda, viz:

1. Codex Regius, the so-called King's Book. This was presented to the Royal Library in

Copenhagen, by Bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson, in the year 1640, where it is still kept.

2. Codex Wormianus. This is found in the University Library in Copenhagen, in the Arne

Magnæan collection. It takes its name from Professer Ole Worm [died 1654], to whom it was

presented by the learned Arngrim Jonsson. Christian Worm, the grandson of Ole Worm, and

Bishop of Seeland [died 1737], afterward presented it to Arne Magnusson.

3. Codex Upsaliensis. This is preserved in the Upsala University Library. Like the other

two, it was found in Iceland, where it was given to Jon Rugmann. Later it fell into the hands

of Count Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, who in the year 1669 presented it to the Upsala

University. Besides these three chief documents, there exist four fragmentary parchments, and

a large number of paper manuscripts.

The first printed edition of the Younger Edda, in the original, is the celebrated "Edda

Islandorum," published by Peter Johannes Resen, in Copenhagen, in the year 1665. It

containsa translation into Latin, made partly by Resen himself, and partly also by Magnus

Olafsson, Stephan Olafsson and Thormod Torfason.

Not until eighty years later, that is in 1746, did the second edition of the Younger Edda

appear in Upsala under the auspices of Johannes Goransson. This was printed from the Codex

Upsaliensis.

In the present century we find a third edition by Rasmus Rask, published in Stockholm in

1818. This is very complete and critical. The fourth edition was issued by Sveinbjorn

Egilsson, in Reykjavik, 1849; the fifth by the Arne-Magnæan Commission in Copenhagen,

1852. (1) All these five editions have long been out of print, and in place of them we have a

sixth edition by Thorleif Jonsson (Copenhagen, 1875), and a seventh by Ernst Wilkin

(Paderborn, 1877). Both of these, and especially the latter, are thoroughly critical and reliable.

Of translations, we must mention in addition to those into English by Dasent and

Blackwell, R. Nyerup's translation into Danish (Copenhagen, 1808); Karl Simrock's into

German (Stuttgart aand Tübingen, 1851); and Fr. Bergmann's into French (Paris, 1871).

Among the chief authorities to be consulted in the study of the Younger Edda may be named,

in addition to those already mentioned, Fr. Dietrich, Th. Mobius, Fr. Pfeiffer, Ludw.

Ettmuller, K. Hildebrand, Ludw. Uhland, P. E. Muller, Adolf Holzmann, Sophus Bugge, P. A.

Munch and Rudolph Keyser. For the material in our introduction and notes, we are chiefly

indebted to Simrock, Wilkin and Keyser. While we have had no opportunity of making

original searches, the published works have been carefully studied, and all we claim for our

work is, that it shall contain the results of the latest and most thorough investigations by

scholars who live nearer the fountains of Urd and Mimir than do we. Our translations are

made from Egilsson's, Jonsson's and Wilkin's editions of the original. We havenot translated

any of the Hattatal, and only the narrative part of Skaldskaparmal, and yet our version

contains more of the Younger Edda than any English, German, French or Danish translation

that has hitherto been published. The parts omitted cannot possibly be of any interest to any

one who cannot read them in the original. All the paraphrases of the asas and asynjes, of the

world, the earth, the sea, the sun, the wind, fire, summer, man, woman, gold, of war, arms, of

a ship, emperor, king, ruler, etc., are of interest only as they help to explain passages of Old

Norse poems. The same is true of the enumeration of metres, which contains a number of

epithets and metaphors used by the scalds, illustrated by specimens of their poetry, and also

by a poem of Snorre Sturleson, written in one hundred different metres.

There has been a great deal of learned discussion in regard to the authorship of the

Younger Edda. Readers specially interested in this knotty subject we must refer to Wilkin's

elaborate treatise, Untersuchungen zur Snorra Edda (Paderborn, 1878), and to P. E. Muller's,

Die Æchtheit der Asalehre (Copenhagen, 1811).

Two celebrated names that without doubt are intimately connected with the work are

Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Thordsson Hvitaskald. Both of these are conspicuous, not only in

the literary, but also in the political history of Iceland.

Snorre Sturleson (2) was born in Iceland in the year 1178. Three years old, he came to the

house of the distinguished chief, Jon Loptsson, at Odde, a grandson of Sæmund the Wise, the

reputed collector of the Elder Edda, where he appears to have remained until Jon Loptsson's

death, in the year 1197. Soon afterward Snorre married into a wealthy family, and in a short

time he became one of the most distinguished leaders in Iceland. He was several times elected

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